LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Chap.. — _. Copyright No.. 



3 

)29 E 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



AU( > 3l 1898 



A GUIDE BOOK 



THE GEOUNDS AND BUILDINGS 



HAEVAED UNIYEESITY 




CAMBRIDGE 

lPublisbeb bg tbe Taniversttg 

1898 






13075 



Copyright, 1808 
By Harvard University 




ico RcCtlVED. 



! is*,,. 



Agaaslz 



MoKn 



is.O. A., 36. 

>lz. A., 82. 
zamea, J. B.,44 
Arnold, J H., 43. 
Ashley, W. .J..15A. 
Baker, Q P., 2. 
Bancroft, W. A., 21. 
Uci.l.-, J. H ,68.A. 
Bdohcr, F„ 20. 
HOchi-r, M , 72. 
Brie.*., LeB. R., 13. 
Burke, W 8., 86. 
Byerly, W. E , 49. 
Uhniiiilng, E„ 6. 
Oumrolnga, E., 37 A. 
Davenport C B., 41.A. 
Davis, W. M., 40.A. 

Dnobar.O F.,4. 

!■ . r ,,,,.,,, i . . ,1. It., 77. 
Bitot, 0. W ,29. 
Elmwood, 1. 
Kmi-rton.K, 68. 
Kverett, O., 80 
Forlow, W. G..38-A. 
KHz. <). W., 38-A. 
Fletcher,.!. B„ 9. 
Krnoi-ko, K., 62-A. 
Garrett, A. C.,63. 
Goodale, (». L.. 86. 
Goodwin, W. W.,66. 
Orandgent, C. H., 71-A. 
(Iroolioilgh, .1. B., 10. 

Grose, O., 22. 
Gullcli.d. B..64A. 
Halo, K.,7». 
Hull. IC. II., 48. 
Hurl, A. It., 07. 
IIIIIm, W.B., 63. 
Mollis, I.N.. 60. 
Hooper. E. W., 6. 
Howard. A A., 10 
Jngomnnn, II. 0. G. von, 
Jiimui, W., 40. 

i> >li i ". L. •!., 76. A. 

K Ionian, T. J., 24. 

Kluredgo, n. I.., 17. 

I,,,,,,-, W.O., 46. 
I.nugilcll. U. 0„ 31. 

Unman, O. It., 30 A. 

Lawn-nee, W., 611. 
I.ookc, W. A., 41. 
Love, J. I, , flT.A. 

Lyon, ii. o., 12. 

•• Senile, A.. 61. 

emtio, H. M.,34. 
Mnrcoii. I'. B„ 67. 
Murk, K. I... 39.A. 
Marsh, A. It., 70-A. 
Monro, <J II., 64. 
Morgan, M. II., I2A. 
MorTaon, ll.B.,72 A. 
Mlliml.il.org, II., 23. 
Norton O.K., 88, 
Nnyea, .1. A., 6. 
I'nlno, .I.K., 18. 

Palmer, 0. H.,98. 

Parker,!). I" ,041). 
' , a. II., 76. 
iy, F. d., 4 
, B. 0„ 61. 
Police,.!. M„ 42. 
Pickering, E. O., 78. 
Plainer,.). W„ 73. A. 
l'oll, M., 0411. 
I'oltor, A. O., 10-A. 
I'oliomi. If. W.,66. 
lliiilollllo College, 68. 

Richards, 'I' w„ oo. 
Roblnion, W., ii-a. 
Roper d. H„ 00-B. 

Iloyco, J., 30. 
Snlilno, W. 0., 8II-A. 
Hnrgolil, D. A., 68. 

Searle, A., 82. 

Hinder, N. S.,80. 

Sheldon. E. B„ 74. 
Buillli.t). I.., 84. 
Smith, J., 02. 
Smyth, II. I.., 63-A. 
Sumlohrojt, K. 0. do, 33. 
Taussig, F. W., 37. 
Thayer, .1. B.,00. 
Thayer, ,1. 11,7. 
•nillliKlnial, W. H., 81. 
Torrey, J., Jr , 78. 
Toy, 0. II., II. 
Timvliililga, J., 76. 
Wnlcutl, II. I'., 60. 
Wainlnuigh, K., 60-A. 
Warren, II. L , 62. 
While, J. W., 66. 

Williams, J. B,| 8. 

Wills™, It. W., 18. 
Wrlghl, J. H., 82-A. 



A.-Austlu Hall. Law 

School 1883. 
A.O.— ApploU.n chapel, ISM. 
A.D.— A.D Ohio House. 
A.A.*.-Alphn Delia I'hl 

I 'lull Ilouao. 
An.— Apley Court, 1807. 
B.— Boylston Hull, 1867. 
Ue.-Boek Hall, 1878. 
Br— Browoi'a Block. 
C- -College Home, 1832. 
Cotip.— Harvard Coi'lpenillvo 



IVi.lu.il'y, F. II., 47. 



Ot.— Connnl Hall. 1804. 
Uv.-Claverly llnll, 1803. 
Oy.-Oaroy Alhlello Bnlld- 



Da.-Dano Hall, 1832. 
Dana.— liana Chamlieis. 1N9T. 
I)r — Dunstor Hall, 1897. 
D.H -Divinity Home. 
D.I,.— Divinity l.llirary. 1822 
i.* —Delta I'M Clllh llouee. 
F.— Foieroft House, 1888. 
F.ll.-Felton Hall, 1877. 
F.M.A.— Fogg Museum of Art 

1896. 
O.— Gray» Hall, 1863. 

Gy Gymnasium, 1879. 

H.— Hollls Hall, 1768. 



H.P.CIub.— Hasty Pudding 

Club Home, 1888. 
Ha.— Harvard Ball, 1768. 
HI.- Hilton Block, 1870. 
H'ke-Holyoke Hon.o, 1870. 




Elmwood. 
G. P. Baker. 
J. B. Williams. 
C. F. Dunbar. 
E. W. Hooper. 
J. A. Noyes. 



9 J. B. Fletcher. 

10. J. B. Greenough. 
10-A. A. C Potter. 

11. C H.Toy 
11A. W. Robinson. 

12. D. G. Ljon. 
12 A. M.H.Morgan. 

13. LcB. R. Brlgga. 
18-A. W..1. Ashley. 
16 J K. Paine. 
17. U. I. Kittredge. 
IS. R. W. Wlllion. 

19. A.A.Howard. 

20. F. Bdcher. 

21. W. A. Bancroft. 
99. O. Groaa. 

23. H. MUnstcrborg. 

24. T. J. Hitman. 

28. G.H Palmer. 

29. C. W. Kllot. 
80. N. S. Shalor. 

31. C. O. Langdell. 

32. A. Agasslz. 
32-A. J. II. Wright. 

33. F. C. de Sumlohrast. 
33-A. W. G. Farlow. 

34. S. M. Maovane. 
C. A. Adama. 
. O. R Lanmaii. 

37. F. W. Tauaalg. 
37- A. E. Ontnmlliga. 



40-A. W. M.Davla. 
41. W. A. Locke. 
41-A. O. 11. Davenport. 
■' J. M Polree. 

J. H. Arnold. 

.1. It. Ames 

W. O. Lane. 

p. U. Ponliody. 

B.H. Hall. 

W. K. Byerly. 
50. I. N. lloflla. 
60-A. E. Wiiiiihiingh. 

61. B. O. Pelrce. 

62. II. L. Warren. 
W. B. Hllla. 
A. O. Garrett. 
D. A. Sargent. 

63-A. H. L. Smyth. 
64. O. H. Moore. 
66. F. W. Puluam. 

66. II . P. Walcott. 

67. A. B. Hart. 
Hndollfto College. 



61. A. MoKouzle. 

62. J. Smith. 
62.A. K. Franoko. 
64. O. P. Parker. 
64-A. O. 11. tlullek. 
04-B. M.Poll. 
66. .1. W. White. 

66. W. W. Goodwin. 

07. P. B. Marcou. 
07-A. .1. I.. Love. 

08. E. Emorton. 
68.A. ,1. II. Boale. 
69. T. W. Hhduirda. 
69.A. W. O. Saliine. 
60-B. J. 11. Ropia. 



71 A. O. II. llniiidgn 
72. M. BOohar. 
72-A. R. s. Morieon. 

78. J. Torrey, Jr. 
73-A. J. W. Plainer. 
74. E. S. Sheldon. 
76. G. H. Parker. 
76-A. L. J..Iiihneon. 
J. Trowbridge. 



E. Hnlo. 

O. O. Evorett. 

W. II. Tllllnghaat. 



I.— Inatltute of 1770. 

J. — Jefferaon Phyalcal Lab- 

oratory, 1884. 
,Ia. — Jarvla Hall, 1891. 



M— Matlhewa Hall, 1872. 
Mm. — Memorial Hall, 1874. 
Mn. — Mantor Block, 1862. 
Mb. — Massachusetts Hall, 1720. 
P. - Perklna Hall, 1894. 
II. H. — PI Eta Society. 
P. M. — Peabody !' 



-Phi Delta Phi Club 



Pt, — Preacott Hall. 1896. 
Q'cy. — Qulncy Hall, 1892. 
K.— Ilogera Building, 18*). 
Kan.- Randolph Hull l«li7. 
R'd. — Itead'a Block, 1886. 
S.— Stoughtnn Hall. 1805. 



SI. — Signet Club House. 
So. — Society Houae, 1850. 
T. — Thayer Hall, 1870. 
Tr.- Trinity Hall, 1893. 
U. — University Hall, 1816. 
W. — Weld Hall, 1872. 

W.B Weld Boat Houae, 1890. 

Wa. — Wadawurth Ilimne, 1720. 
Ware. — Ware Hall, 1894. 
Warl. — Warland Block. 
W. H.— Walter Hnatlnga Hall, 



7..*.— Zeta PslClnb House. 



INTRODUCTION. 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 

FOUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 

TTARVARD COLLEGE was founded in 1636 by a 
vote passed at an adjourned meeting (October 28, 
Old Style) of the General Court of the Colony of Massa- 
chusetts Bay. 

The language of the vote was as follows : 

' ' The Court agree to give four Hundred Pounds 
towards a School or College, whereof two Hundred 
Pounds shall be paid the next year, and Two Hundred 
Pounds when the work is finished, and the next Court 
to appoint where and what building." 

The ensuing year (1637) the General Court appointed 
twelve of the most eminent men of the colony (among 
whom were John Cotton and John Winthrop) "to take 
order for a college at Newtown. " The name ' ' Newtown " 
was soon afterwards changed by the General Court to 
Cambridge, in recognition of the English University 
where many of the colonists had been educated. 

The following year (1638) John Harvard, a non- 
conforming clergyman of England,, who had been in the 
colony about one year, died at Charlestown, leaving half 
of his whole property and his entire library (about 300 



volumes) to the institution. The value of this bequest 
was more than double the entire sum originally voted by 
the Court, and it was resolved to open the College at 
once, and to give it the name of Harvard. The first class 
was formed in the same year. 

In 1642, during the administration of the first Presi- 
dent, Henry Dunster, the general government of the Col- 
lege and the management of its funds were placed in the 
hands of a Board of Overseers consisting of "the Governor 
and Deputy-Governor for the time being, and all the mag- 
istrates of this jurisdiction [General Court] , together with 
the teaching elders of the six next adjoining towns, — 
viz., Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Rox- 
bury, and Dorchester, and the President of the said Col- 
lege for the time being." 

The Board of Overseers appears to have been too large 
a body to have the immediate direction of the College, 
and in 1650, through the efforts of President Dunster 
and others, a charter was granted to the College by the 
General Court, by which the College was made a Corpor- 
ation, consisting of the President, five Fellows, and a 
Treasurer, or Bursar, to have perpetual succession by the 
election of members to supply vacancies, and to be called 
by the name of the President and Felloios of Harvard 
College. The powers conferred by this Act were accom- 
panied with a provision which required that all Orders 
and By-Laws of the Corporation should have the consent 
of the Overseers before they went into operation. This 
provision was found inconvenient and embarrassing in 
practice, and in 1657 a law was passed, called "An Ap- 
pendix to the College Charter," by which the acts of the 
Corporation were declared to have immediate force and 



effect, and to be merely " alterable" by the Overseers, to 
whom the Corporation was to be " responsible." 

The Corporation and the Board of Overseers remain to 
the present time the governing powers of the University ; 
— changes in the constitution and the election of the latter 
board have, however, been made ; — and this charter with 
its appendix is now in force precisely as first drafted, not- 
withstanding that several attempts were made, during the 
first fifty years of its existence, to alter it or to substitute 
another in its place. Several new charters which would 
have essentially changed the organization of the College 
passed both branches of the Colonial Legislature, but failed 
to receive the sanction of the King or Governor, and none 
of the proposed changes ever actually went into opera- 
tion. The last attempt to obtain a new college charter 
from the Crown was in 1700, when a draft of a charter 
was prepared " to be solicited for to his Majesty," which 
passed both branches of the Legislature, but was never 
presented to the King. 

After the constitution of the College had been for a 
number of years in this unsettled condition, the General 
Court in 1707 passed a vote, reasserting the integrity and 
force of the charter of 1650, and it remains "the venerable 
source of collegiate authority " to this day. 

In 1780, when a Constitution was framed for the new 
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Articles were intro- 
duced, securing to the President and Fellows of Harvard 
College the perpetual enjoyment of all their vested rights 
and powers, and providing for the organization of the 
Board of Overseers. 

From the foundation of 1636 has grown the present 
University, with an endowment of more than nine millions 



of dollars in quick capital, and more than five millions 
invested in buildings, libraries, laboratories, museums, 
observatories, gardens, collections, apparatus, etc. 

At the present time the University includes the follow- 
ing departments where instruction is regularly given to 
students : Harvard College, the Lawrence Scientific 
School, the Graduate School, the Divinity School, the 
Law School, the Medical School, the Dental School, the 
Veterinary School, the Bussey Institution, the Summer 
School. Other departments are the Arnold Arboretum ; 
the University Library, consisting of the College Library, 
the special libraries of the schools before named, seven 
laboratory, sixteen class-room, and four museum libraries ; 
the Chemical Laboratory ; the Jefferson Physical Labo- 
ratory ; the special laboratories of the schools before 
enumerated ; the Laboratory of the Peabocly Museum ; the 
Laboratories of Zoology, Palaeontology, Entomology, 
Geology, Physical Geography, Cryptogamic and Phanero- 
gamic Botany, Mineralogy ; the University Museum, 
including the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Bo- 
tanical Museum, the Mineralogical Museum ; the Peabody 
Museum ; the Semitic Museum ; the William Hayes Fogg 
Art Museum ; the Warren Anatomical Museum at the 
Medical School ; the museums of the various other schools ; 
the Botanic Garden ; the Gray Herbarium ; the Astro- 
nomical Observatory; the Hemenway Gymnasium, the 
play-grounds, the boat houses, and the buildings devoted 
to athletic sports. 

Departments of the University. 

In matters of administration, three of the depart- 
ments of the University are closely united : Harvard 



College, the Lawrence Scientific School, and the 
Graduate School are under the charge of the Faculty 
of Arts and Sciences ; and the students of these three 
departments do much of their work together, using reci- 
tation rooms, laboratories, museums, libraries, etc., in 
common. 

To the students under its charge this Faculty offers 
more than five hundred courses of instruction, divided 
among the following subjects : Semitic Languages and 
History ; Inclo-Iranian Languages ; Greek ; Latin ; Clas- 
sical Philology ; English ; German ; Germanic Philology ; 
French ; Italian ; Spanish ; Romance Philology ; Com- 
parative Literature ; Celtic ; Slavic Languages ; History ; 
Government ; Economics ; Philosophy ; Education and 
Teaching ; Fine Arts ; Architecture ; Music ; Mathe- 
matics ; Astronomy ; Engineering ; Military Science ; 
Physics ; Chemistry ; Botany ; Zoology ; Geology ; 
Mineralogy and Petrography ; Mining and Metallurgy ; 
American Archaeology and Ethnology ; Anatomy, Physi- 
ology, and Hygiene. 

The Lawrence Scientific School offers eleven four-year 
courses of study : Civil and Topographical Engineering ; 
Electrical Engineering ; Mechanical Engineering ; Mining 
and Metallurgy ; Architecture ; Chemistry ; Geology ; 
Biology ; Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene ; Science 
for Teachers ; General Science. 

The Law School occupies Austin Hall, situated on 
Holmes Field, in Cambridge, near the gymnasium. The 
building contains lecture rooms, reading rooms, and 
other accommodations for students, and a library which 
numbers 44,000 volumes. The following courses of 
study are offered : Contracts ; Criminal Law and Pro- 



cedure ; Property ; Torts ; Civil Procedure at Common 
Law ; Agency ; Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes ; 
Carriers ; Contracts and Quasi-Contracts ; Evidence ; In- 
surance ; Jurisdiction and Procedure in Equity ; Sales of 
Personal Property ; Trusts ; Damages ; the Interpreta- 
tion of Statutes ; Law of Persons ; Conflict of Laws and 
International Law ; Constitutional Law ; Corporations ; 
Partnership ; Comparative Jurisprudence ; Roman Law ; 
Suretyship ; Mortgages ; Massachusetts Practice ; Civil 
Procedure under the New York Code. 

The Divinity School occupies Divinity Hall and the 
adjoining Library on Divinity Avenue, Cambridge. 
Divinity Hall contains studies and bedrooms, a chapel, 
and a reading room. The Library building contains the 
library, consisting of 27,000 volumes and 5,600 pamph- 
lets, classified in about seventy departments, and lecture 
and recitation rooms. The Faculty offers courses in the 
following subjects: Old Testament; New Testament; 
Church History ; Social Questions ; Comparative Study 
of Religions ; Theology ; Homiletics and Pastoral Care. 
Instruction is also given in Elocution, and there are 
general religious exercises of which the students have 
charge. 

The Medical School occupies a building on Boylston 
Street, Boston, adjoining the Boston Public Library. 
The building contains the usual lecture and recitation 
rooms ; the laboratories of anatomy, physiology, histology, 
chemistry, bacteriology, and pathological anatomy ; the 
library, which is distributed among the several depart- 
ments ; and the Warren Anatomical Museum. The 
Faculty offers instruction in the following subjects : 
Anatomy ; Histology and Embryology ; Bacteriology ; 



9 



Physiology ; Chemistry ; Hygiene ; Therapeutics and 
Materia Medica ; Pathology and Pathological Anatomy ; 
Surgery ; Orthopedic Surgery ; Clinical Surgery ; Der- 
matology ; Syphilis ; Theory and Practice of Physic ; 
Clinical Medicine ; Neurology ; Psychiatry ; Pediatrics ; 
Obstetrics ; Gynaecology ; Ovarian Tumors ; Ophthal- 
mology ; Otology ; Diseases of the Throat and Nose ; 
Orthopedics ; Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Apparatus ; 
Legal Medicine ; Municipal Sanitation ; Clinical Micro- 
scopy ; Cookery. 

The Dental School, established in 1867, occupies a 
building on North Grove Street, Boston, formerly used 
by the Medical School. In addition to the usual lecture 
and recitation rooms and laboratories, the building con- 
tains a library, and a museum of over 3000 specimens. 

The Faculty offers the following courses of instruc- 
tion : Anatomy ; Physiology ; Chemistry ; Histology 
and Embryology ; Bacteriology ; Operative Dentistry ; 
Mechanical Dentistry and Orthodontia ; Surgery ; Opera- 
tive Surgery ; Dental Pathology ; Oral Anatomy and 
Physiology ; Surgical Pathology ; Materia Medica ; Neu- 
rology ; Crown and Bridge Work and Metallurgy. 

The School of Veterinary Medicine, instituted in the 
year 1882-83, is situated at and near the corner of 
Village and Lucas Streets, Boston. It occupies two 
brick buildings : the Lucas Street building, which contains 
rooms for lectures and dissections, the library, and the 
museum, and the Village Street hospital, for the treatment 
and observation of sick animals. In a third building, a 
free clinic is maintained in connection with the school. 

The Faculty offers the following courses of instruction : 
Anatomy ; Bacteriology ; Histology and Embryology ; 



10 



Physiology ; Chemistry ; Botany ; Materia Medica ; 
Pathology and Pathological Anatomy ; Theory and Prac- 
tice ; Ophthalmology ; Surgery ; Obstetrics ; Meat In- 
spection ; Warranty and Evidence ; CliiifcaH^eterinary 
Medicine and Surgery. 

The Bussey Institution,, a school of agriculture and 
horticulture, established in execution of trusts created 
by the will of Benjamin Bussey, was opened in 1871-72. 
It gives systematic instruction in agriculture, in useful 
and ornamental gardening, and in chemistry and nat- 
ural history as applied to these arts. The Institution is 
situated at the outer edge of Jamaica Plain, about five 
miles southwest of the centre of Boston, and close to the 
Forest Hills station on the Boston and Providence Rail- 
road. It is, in general, meant for young men who intend 
to become practical farmers, gardeners, florists, or land- 
scape gardeners ; as well as for those who will be called 
upon to manage large estates, or who wish to qualify 
themselves to be overseers or superintendents of farms, 
country seats, parks, towns, highways, or public institu- 
tions. It may serve a^o in special cases as a school 
for the systematic training of young men fond of country 
life or interested in natural history. 

The Faculty offers instruction in the following subjects : 
Theory and Practice of Farming ; Horticulture ; Natural 
History ; Agricultural Chemistry. Instruction is given 
by lectures and recitations, and by practical exercises in 
the laboratories, greenhouses, and fields connected with 
the farm. 

The Summer School, in charge of a Committee of the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, is in session for six weeks 
during the first half of the Summer vacation. The School 



11 



offers courses of instruction in the following subjects : 
English ; French ; German ; Greek ; Latin ; History and 
Government ; Engineering ; Physics ; Chemistry ; Bot- 
any ; Geology ; Geography ; Physical Training. Courses 
are also offered at the Harvard Medical School. Women 
as well as men are admitted to the summer courses, 
except to those at the Medical School, to those in 
Engineering, and to the two more advanced courses in 
Geology. 

In the departments enumerated above instruction is 
regularly given to students. Students are also, under 
certain conditions to be determined in the individual case, 
admitted to the other departments of the University, a 
brief description of which, as well as of the buildings and 
the equipment of the departments already named, will be 
found in the following pages. 

The University issues an annual Catalogue, and pamph- 
lets describing the various schools and departments of the 
University and the courses of instruction of each of the 
divisions or departments under the Faculty of Arts and 
Sciences. 

In general, these pamphlets give lists of officers of 
instruction and of government and of students ; and 
detailed statements concerning the following subjects : 
buildings, libraries, laboratories, museums, etc. ; require- 
ments for admission, methods of instruction, text-books, 
courses of instruction, clinical advantages, examinations, 
requirements for degrees, prizes, scholarships, summer 
courses, fees, and expenses. Copies of these pamphlets 
may be obtained at the Publication Office of the Uni- 
versity, 2 University Hall, Cambridge. 



THE COLLEGE YARD. 

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH PREPARED FOR THE HARVARD 
MEMORIAL SOCIETY. 

There is nothing better to say to a stranger entering 
the Yard of Harvard College than what Lowell said in 
his oration on the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
of the founding of the College. Having first praised the 
architectural beauties of Oxford and Cambridge, and 
acknowledged the fitness of their quadrangles and clois- 
ters to stand before our eyes for all the past glories of 
English scholarship and all the venerable associations of 
those aged universities, he frankly confessed of the New 
England college that its past is ' ' well-nigh desolate of 
aesthetic stimulus. We have none," he said, l 'or next 
to none, of these coignes of vantage for the tendrils of 
memory or affection. Not one of our older buildings is 
venerable, or will ever become so. Time refuses to 
console them. They look as if they meant business, and 
nothing more." The interest of these buildings is very 
great ; but it is entirely historical and practical, not 
artistic. For beauty, one must look to the grass and to 
the noble elms ; for inspiration, to the story of the hard 
beginnings of the College and its fidelity to brave ideals, 
and to the lives and characters of the men who have 
studied and taught here, and from here have passed 
into the service of their country, and of just causes, and 
of mankind. 

Nevertheless, it seems quite clear that the founders of 
Harvard, poor men though they were, and in a wilderness, 



14 



had in mind the English universities, and Cambridge 
especially, when the} 7 set about their task. Many of 
them were Cambridge men ; and the first building, rude 
and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive 
of a "Hall" in an English university. We do not 
certainly know where it stood, though it was probably 
near the site of Grays Hall, but the early records show 
that it was a home as well as a place of study. There 
were in it chambers, studies, a kitchen, and a buttery; 
and on top there was a "turret." We even know the 
cost of the various items purchased in fitting up the 
several studies. Here, for example, is the account, 
taken from the first College Book, for the study occupied 
by George Downing of the Class of 1642. In the entry 
he is called " Sir" Downing because he was a graduate 
when the account was made ; later he went into the 
English diplomatic service, was knighted, and won for 
himself an eminence not very admirable, for he was 
reputed a miser and a turn-coat. 

Sir Downings Study. 

lb s d 

Impr. For boards 272 foote - 16 - 3 ob. q.] 

It. Ten dayes &h worke at 22 d a day . . . - 19 - 3 

It. For y e Smithe's worke 0-6-11 

It. For glasse 0-2-1 

It. For nayles, locke & key - 3 - 

"lb 
Sunia totalis 2 - 7 - 6 ob. q.] 

There is no picture of this first " college," but the high 
ideal of the builders and their scanty means resulted in a 
structure of which one writer tells us that it was "thought 
by some to be too gorgeous for a wilderness, and yet too 
mean in others' apprehension for a college." It was soon 



15 



in need of repairs and proved inadequate to the wants 
even of the scanty College population of those days. 
Within ten years of its completion the "governors" of 
the institution had begun to "purchase the neighbors' 
houses " to accommodate students. One of the houses 
bought for this purpose was Mr. Edward Goffe's, and 
it came to be known as G-offe's College. The term 
"college" was at first applied to each of the separate 
buildings, and this usage to some extent still survives. 
In 1654 the commissioners of the Association for the 
Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians were per- 
suaded to erect a small brick building for Indian youth y 
and this was known as the Indian College. But the 
experiment was not successful, and only one Indian ever 
received a Harvard degree. The Indian College was 
poorly built, and was a ruin before the end of the cen- 
tury. The "Old College" was succeeded in 1672 by 
the first Harvard Hall, or Harvard "College," and this 
seems to have been well built, for it stood nearly a 
century. 

We have a good picture of this first Harvard Hall, and 
we know that it stood in the Yard, just to the left of the 
main entrance. It stood alone until the year 1700, when 
a new " college," called Stoughton in honor of Lieutenant 
Governor William Stoughton, who gave it, was built in 
front of the main entrance, making a right angle with the 
eastern end of Harvard. A few years later, under the 
guidance of President John Leverett, the institution en- 
tered on a new and more prosperous period in its career, 
and in the year 1718 the General Court of Massachusetts 
made a grant for still another "college," the oldest of 
all the buildings now standing. 



16 



This is Massachusetts Hall, on the right as one enters 
the Yard through the Johnston Gate, and facing the 
site of the first Harvard. It made, with Harvard and 
Stoughton, a very small quadrangle, and of these three 
buildings we have an engraving, made near the middle 
of the eighteenth century. Behind Stoughton, as it ap- 
pears in that engraving, there was an old field, crossed 
by a brook ; probably no one dreamed of a time when it 
would be covered with other College buildings. In 1720, 
when Massachusetts was finished, the graduating class 
numbered thirty-seven, and it was many years before any 
great increase came. Cambridge was but a village, lying 
chiefly between the College and the river. Boston itself 
was but a small town, though thriving, and no bridge con- 
nected the two places. One source of the income of the 
College was the tolls of the Charlestown Ferry, which 
Cambridge people usually crossed when they went to 
Boston. The teaching in the College was chiefly the 
work of tutors. The first professorship, the Hollis 
Professorship of Divinity, was established the year 
after Massachusetts was built. 

It is pleasant to know that the outside of Massachusetts 
has not been changed at all. Every class since 1720 has 
seen the same square walls of red brick, the small win- 
dows, the narrow doorways. But the inside has been 
much altered. At first it was given over entirely to small 
chambers and stiil smaller " studies." After the fight at 
Lexington, in the Revolutionary War, the chambers were 
for a time occupied by American troops, the students 
being sent away to Concord. Early in the present 
century, in President Kirkland's time, a part of the lower 
floor was devoted to lectures and society meetings, and 



17 



in 1870 the remaining chambers and studies made way 
for large lecture halls and examination rooms. Several 
of the larger lecture courses, chiefly in history, are now 
given here. While the building was used as a dormitory 
many of the most eminent sons of Harvard lived in it. 

During the eighteenth century no progress whatever 
was made towards the development of the quadrangle 
into which one now looks on entering the Johnston Grate. 
Six years after the completion of Massachusetts, the Pro- 
vince legislature appropriated money to build the President 
a house ; but the site chosen seems to show that it was 
not meant to bear any especial relation to the buildings 
already standing. Wadsworth House, as it is now called 
in honor of the first President who occupied it, was the 
home of every one of the Presidents who succeeded him 
until President Edward Everett went out of office. It 
shares with the Craigie House the distinction of having 
sheltered "Washington, but it was found inadequate for a 
headquarters. In recent years it has been put to many 
different uses. It has been altered from time to time, 
but except for the paint the outside is still suggestive of 
the sober days and sober lives with which we naturally 
associate it in our thought. 

When the College was a century old, and had trained 
hundreds of clergymen, it was still without a place of 
worship of its own, although it had an interest in the 
parish meeting house which stood near the site of Dane 
Hall. The wife and daughter of Samuel Holden, M.P., 
who himself had been a liberal benefactor of Harvard, 
gave £400 to build a chapel, and a site immediately in 
the rear of the first Harvard was chosen. Holden 
Chapel was the first of the buildings to take its name 



18 



from an English benefactor, and it is rather curious 
that the others so named are very close to it. About 
twenty years later, there being need of a new dormitory, 
the legislature voted the necessary sums, a site to the 
northeast of Harvard was chosen, and the building was 
named for Thomas Hollis, an English merchant, who died 
in 1731 and whose benefactions were the most remakable 
feature in the cherishing of the College up to that time. 
He was a Baptist, and yet he gave sums which in those 
days were considered vast to help a school which had 
dismissed its first President because he objected to infant 
baptism. The Hollis Professorship of Divinity, estab- 
lished more than a hundred and fifty years ago, was never 
until the present time filled by a man in sympathy with 
the creed of its founder. 

Hollis Hall was scarcely built when the worst disaster 
the College ever met again reduced the number of buildings 
to five : Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, and it was only 
with the greatest difficulty that Stoughton and Massachu- 
setts were saved from the flames. The library and the 
apparatus were lost, but the Province, feeling an especial 
responsibility because the legislature was holding its ses- 
sions in the hall at the time, promptly voted the money to 
replace it, and a liberal stream of private benefactions 
poured into the College treasury, so that there was soon 
a new library and new apparatus. The new Harvard 
was devoted to many uses. It had a kitchen and buttery, 
a dining room, a chapel, a library, several lecture halls, 
and the belfry. To tell how, from time to time, it lost 
its various uses, until in our day it has only lecture rooms 
and departmental libraries, would be to trace the expansion 
of the Colonial College into the American University. 



19 



The building of Harvard Hall was, in fact, the comple- 
tion of the Colonial College. The five halls standing in 
1776, with the old President's House, stood unchanged and 
without increase when the Revolution came. From them 
the students migrated to Concord while the British troops 
held Boston, and into them American troops entered while 
Washington commanded in Cambridge. We know that 
the College was very patriotic. Indeed, it can claim no 
small share in the Revolution. True, some of its officers 
and graduates had written verses in Latin, Greek, and 
English and printed them in a volume called ' ' Pietas et 
Gratulatio Collegii Cantabriensis apud Novanglos" and 
sent them to George III on his accession to the throne, 
following in this the example of the English Universities ; 
and the classes were still graded according to the social 
position of the students. But for all that, Harvard was 
thoroughly American. It had drifted entirely away from 
the Cambridge traditions of its founders. It had bred 
Quincy and Otis and two Adamses ; President Langdon 
was ready to fight or to pray for independence, and John 
Hancock had been chosen Treasurer because he was a 
patriot, and not because he was a good man for the 
place — he was, in fact, the worst treasurer the College 
ever had. When the war ended, the College, with little 
or no change in its constitution or character, entered 
easily on its course as an American institution, thor- 
oughly in sympathy with the ideas for which the Republic 
stands and commended to popular favor by the eminence 
of its graduates in the public service. 

As if to open the way into a larger future, the first 
Stoughton Hall, being in a ruinous state, was taken down 
in 1780, the year in which Harvard took the name " Uni- 



20 



versity." Its destruction certainly opened the way into 
the present Yard. It was not rebuilt until 1804, and then 
on a new site, north of Hollis, and it stood a year or more 
under the name New Hall ; but in the end the old name 
was given it. The money to build it came from a lottery, 
and this method of raising funds, approved by the public 
opinion of those days, was again employed in 1812, when 
Hoi worthy was built. This was the last hall to be named 
for an English benefactor. The man so honored was 
Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678 and left the 
College £1,000. Holworthy is the youngest of the 
buildings commonly called old, and its site is important 
because with Stoughton it formed the first corner in 
the main quadrangle of the Yard. From that time there 
was sure to be a quadrangle very much larger than the 
old one formed by Massachusetts, Harvard, and the first 
Stoughton, or the other enclosed by Harvard, Holden, 
and Hollis. In November, 1812, the President and Fel- 
lows appointed a committee ' ' to devise the form and site 
of a building in the College grounds to include a Commons 
Hall ;" and it was voted that in choosing a site the com- 
mittee ' ' have reference to other buildings which may in 
future be erected." The committee chose a site directly 
opposite the main entrance ; Charles Bulfinch was the 
architect, and the Hall when completed was called 
University. 

University was well named, whether we consider the 
uses to which it has been put or the time at which it 
was built. President Kirkland was in office, and his 
administration is usually taken as marking the entrance 
of Harvard into the life of a true university ; and of this 
university life the new hall has been the centre. For 



21 



years the religious exercises, the public exhibitions, and 
the students' commons made the building important to all 
members of the University community ; and the adminis- 
trative machinery has always been operated from this 
point. In President Kirkland's day five new professor- 
ships were established, and the departments of Divinity, 
Law, and Medicine were organized in university fashion. 
The Massachusetts Medical College in Boston and Divinity 
Hall in Cambridge gave evidence that the Yard was not to 
be the limit of physical expansion. They were fore- 
runners of so many buildings for scientific and other 
purposes, built outside the Yard, that it was soon only 
a question of time when the Yard itself would become of 
less practical importance than the departments outside it. 
It was the beginning of a process which is still going on, 
and as a result of which we see Harvard admission exami- 
nations offered in Tokio and a Harvard Observatory on 
top of a Peruvian mountain. 

But the Yard was not yet finished. President Quincy, 
who succeeded Kirkland, saw two very important changes 
in it. On the site of the old meeting house, south of 
Massachusetts, Dane Hall was built in 1832, through 
the liberality of Nathan Dane, and for fifty years it was 
-the University School of Law ; here Greenleaf and Story 
and Parsons lectured. It did not, however, look much 
like the present Dane, nor stand in the same spot, but 
farther north. In 1845 important changes were made 
in the building. Before its removal in 1871 to make 
room for Matthews Hall, it helped to define the main 
quadrangle; but Core Hall, begun in 1837, does not 
belong to the main quadrangle at all. It was, in fact, 
the beginning of a second quadrangle ; but evidently 



22 



not by design. At first it was nothing more than the 
western wing of the present building, but it was then suf- 
ficient in size to harbor the largest library in the country 
more commodiously than, with its several additions and 
rearrangements, it now harbors the third largest. Ex- 
cepting University, it was the only stone building in the 
Yard, and it shares with University the distinction of 
touching the interests of more men, inside and outside 
the University, than any other of the Harvard buildings. 

The main quadrangle as we now see it was not com- 
pletely outlined until the building of Grays Hall in 1863. 
Meantime, however, in 1857-58, Boylston Hall and 
Appleton Chapel had risen on opposite sides of Gore, 
Appleton serving to define the northern limit of the new 
quadrangle. Both had their origin in the benefactions 
of wealthy Bostonians, from whom they took their res- 
pective names. Appleton Chapel supplanted University 
as the centre of the religious life of the University, as 
University had supplanted Holden and Harvard. Boyls- 
ton, the first of the buildings distinctl} 7 dedicated to the 
physical sciences, may be regarded as a humble beginning 
of an extremely potent development in the later history 
of the University. Grays, an unpretentious dormitory, 
taking its name from a family eminent in the law and 
eminent in generosity to the University, was the last 
building erected in the Yard before the present era of 
unprecedented expansion began with the inauguration of 
President Eliot in 1869. 

In the Yard three new dormitories, with Sever Hall, 
the Fogg Museum of Art, and Phillips Brooks House, 
testify to the eagerness with which the new vigor presses 
into the space still left for the builder. They may serve 



23 



also to indicate the chief source of energy ; for they 
are all examples of a munificence unexampled until our 
own times in the history of benefactions to American 
universities. They stand for a period in which such 
sums have poured into college treasuries as in other 
countries could have come only from royal patrons. The 
three dormitories, Weld, Matthews, and Thayer, have 
completely filled out the line of the main quadrangle. 
Sever fixes the eastern limit of the second quadrangle. 
It has been said that University Hall is still the centre 
of University life. That is true enough ; but in another 
sense Memorial Hall is also its centre. The aim of 
the University has always been to train men for high 
services, and Memorial commemorates the military service 
the sons of the University rendered in the Civil War. 
First conceived in the enthusiasm with which Harvard 
welcomed those of its graduates who came back alive 
from the war, it was built at last by the contributions of 
hundreds of alumni and friends who wished to put into 
enduring form their reverence for those who never re- 
turned. Its tower is the first object to catch the eye 
of one who approaches the University ; its influence out- 
lasts all others in the minds of those who go away. 
Without it, and that for which it stands, Harvard might 
still be a great University, but not what it aims to be — 
an adornment and a support to the Republic. 




THE JOHNSTON GATE 




THE MEYER GATE. 



DESCRIPTION 



GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 



The Johnston Gats, at the main entrance to the 
Yard, built in 1890, was the gift of Samuel Johnston of 
Chicago. The ironwork, however, was given by Mrs. 
George von L. Meyer, of Boston. The gate was designed 
by Charles Follen McKim. On a tablet in the right wall 
is the following inscription : 

AFTER GOD HAD CARRIED VS SAFE TO NEW ENGLAND 

AND WEE HAD BVILDED OVR HOVSES 

PROVIDED NECESSARIES FOR OVR LIVELI HOOD 

REARD CONVENIENT PLACES FOR GODS WORSHIP 

AND SETTLED THE CIVILL GOVERNMENT 

ONE OF THE NEXT THINGS WE LONGED FOR 

AND LOOKED AFTER WAS TO ADVANCE LEARNING 

AND PERPETVATE IT TO POSTERITY 

DREADING TO LEAVE AN ILLITERATE MINISTRY 

TO THE CHVRCHES WHEN OVR PRESENT MINISTERS 

SHALL LIE IN THE DVST 

NEW ENGLANDS FIRST FRUITS 



26 



A tablet on the left wall bears this inscription : 

BY THE GENERAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 

28 OCTOBER 1636, AGREED TO GIVE 400^ 

TOWARDS A SCHOALE OR COLLEDGE WHEREOF 200^ 

TO BEE PAID THE NEXT YEARE & 200^ 

WHEN THE WORK IS FINISHED & THE NEXT COVRT 

TO APPOINT WHEARE & W T BVILDING 

15 NOVEMBER 1637 THE COLLEDG IS ORDERED 

TO BEE AT NEWETOWNE 

2 MAY 1638 IT IS ORDERED THAT NEWETOWNE 

SHALL HENCEFORWARD BE CALLED CAMBRIGE 

12 MARCH 1638-9 IT IS ORDERED THAT THE COLLEDGE 

AGREED VPON FORMERLY TO BEE BVILT AT CAMBRIDG 

SHALBEE CALLED HARVARD COLLEDGE 

The Meyer Gate, at the Cambridge Street entrance 
to the Yard, opposite the delta on which stands Memorial 
Hall, was the gift of George von Lengerke Meyer, of 
Boston, of the Class of 1879. Designed by Charles 
Follen McKim, it was erected in 1891. 

University Hall, built in 1815, of white Chelmsford 
granite, after a design by Bulfinch, cost $65,000, of which 
$53,000 was given by the State of Massachusetts. Soon 
after its completion there was added to the western facade 
a portico, which was, however, removed in 1842. For a 
while it contained the library and the philosophical appara- 
tus, and the room for ordinary chapel assembly. There 
were galleries, pews for members of the Faculty and their 
families, and a pulpit in the middle of the east side. The 
Hall became the centre of the University life ; for some 
time the students' Commons were here ; public dinners 



28 



and Commencement and Exhibition Performances were 
given here as late as 1867 ; and here were entertained 
Presidents Monroe, Jackson, Van Bnren, and the Mar- 
quis de Lafayette. Of late years the hall has undergone 
much alteration. In 1849 the lower floor, and in 1867 
the chapel, were cut up into recitation rooms ; and other 
changes have given the building over to lectures and 
administrative work. In 1896, however, the original 
chapel was restored, and is now used for the meetings 
of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Its walls are 
hung with portraits of former officers and of benefactors 
of the University. Nearly on this site, but a little to 
the east, stood, probably, the first Stonghton Hall, built 
in 1700; and here, also, was the spring at which Pro- 



Massachusetts Hall was built from a grant of 
£3,500 made in 1718 by the Province of Massachusetts. 
It was finished in 1720, and was at first used as a dormi- 
tory. After the Battle of Lexington, 1775-76, it was 
used as a barracks by the Continental soldiers and some- 
what damaged. About one hundred years after the 
erection of the building, the lower part was given over to 
rooms for lectures and societies ; and in 1870 the whole 
building was devoted to the public uses of the University. 
In the lower hall are held the Phi Beta Kappa dinners ; 
and here, on Commencement, the President and the other 
officers of the University welcome the Governor of 'the 
Commonwealth, his staff, and the invited guests of the day. 

Harvard Hall, built in 1765-66 by the Province of 
Massachusetts, at a cost of $23,000, replaced the first 




MASSACHUSETTS HALL. 




HARVARD HALL. 



30 

Harvard Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1764. This 
was one of the severest losses ever sustained by the Uni- 
versity, as the Hall contained at the time of the fire the 
best library in the country, including among other books 
some given by Bishop Berkeley, and the library of John 
Harvard, from which only one book, " Downam, his War- 
fare," was saved. As the building was occupied at the time 
by the Province Legislature, which had been driven from 
Boston by the small pox, the Province of Massachusetts 
considered itself responsible for the loss, and therefore 
built the present Harvard Hall. This first contained the 
chapel, the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the 
dining hall of the College. Like Massachusetts Hall, it 
was used and somewhat damaged by the troops in Revolu- 
tionary times. In it Washington was received in 1789, 
and Monroe in 1817. Except Holden Chapel it is the 
only one of the early College buildings which has never 
been used as a dormitoiy. The building is now used for 
lectures and recitations and contains the libraries of the 
Departments of the Classics, History and Government, 
and Economics. 

The Library of the Department of the Classics (Room 3). 
— This library was established for the use of students in 
the Department of the Classics with the design of provid- 
ing them with facilities for the pursuit of their studies. 
It contains the necessary books for this purpose, such 
as dictionaries, general treatises on grammar, history, 
antiquities, literature, philosophy, etc., together with all 
the most recent and many of the more valuable older 
editions of Creek and Latin authors, in all about 3000 
volumes. 



31 



Library of the Department of History and Government. 
— This library, which is connected with that of Political 
Economy, contains about 1400 volumes on English and 
continental European history, and about 850 on American 
history. It is designed to provide additional copies of all 
the works of reference most needed in the general courses. 

Library of the Department of Political Economy 
(Room 2). — This library contains 926 volumes, selected 
for the use of students in connection with the instruc- 
tion offered by the department. The nature of the in- 
struction makes it necessary that the important standard' 
literature in economics shall be readily accessible for 
students ; hence the collection contains the books which 
would naturally find a place in any compact library 
on the subject, — the important books on monetary 
topics, taxation and finance, international trade, economic 
history, social questions, the dictionaries and compends 
of political economy, statistical abstracts, official docu- 
ments, reports, census volumes, both of the United States 
and of foreign countries, and more particularly the syste- 
matic works of the great writers of earlier and later date. 

Hollis Hall, built by the Province of Massachusetts 
in 1763, at a cost of £3,000, and named in honor of the 
first Thomas Hollis, contains 32 rooms. Hollis, who es- 
tablished two chairs, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity 
and the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy, was the greatest benefactor of the University 
during its first century of existence ; and during the 
eighteenth century his example was followed by other 
members of his family. This building was, from the 
first, used as a dormitory, but some of its rooms have 



been occupied by societies, such as the Harvard Wash- 
ington Corps, the Engine Company, and the Pi Eta. 
Like the other older buildings it was given up to quarters 
for soldiers during the Revolutionary War, and somewhat 
damaged. 

Stoughton Hall, built in 1805 at a cost of about 
$24,000, of which three-fourths was secured by a public 
lottery authorized by the State, was named for Lieutenant 
Governor William Stoughton, who, as Chief Justice in the 
Witchcraft Trials, was active in their prosecution. It was 
he who gave the funds for the first Stoughton Hall, built 
in 1700. The present Stoughton, at first called New 
Hall, was used from the beginning as a dormitory. 
The Hasty Pudding Club formerly met and had reading 
rooms here. Like Hollis Hall, the building has 32 rooms. 

Phillips Brooks House, a memorial to Phillips 
Brooks, of the Class of 1855, was designed by Alexander 
Waclsworth Longfellow, of the Class of 1876. It was 
begun in March, 1898, and is to cost, when finished, 
$50,000. Here the religious and charitable work of the 
University finds its centre. Besides the space devoted 
to the volunteer charit}' work of the students, the build- 
ing contains a large general meeting room, a room with 
facilities for giving dinners, a committee room, two so- 
ciety rooms, a libraiy, memorials to Phillips Brooks and 
others, and an assembl}' hall occupying the whole of the 
top story. 

Holden Chapel. — Madam Holden, wife of Samuel 
Holden, M.P., Governor of the Bank of England, — who 




HOLLIS HALL 




STOUGHTON HALL. 



34 



was regarded as the head of the English Dissenters, — 
together with her daughters, gave to the College £400. 
With this money the first building put up solely for 
religious uses by the University, Holden Chapel, was 
built in 1744. On its west front the Holden Arms are 
carved in wood. When the present Harvard Hall was 
built, Holden ceased to be used for religious services. 
For a while it contained four rooms, being divided into 
two stories, each of which consisted of two apartments. 
Those on the lower floor were used as chemical laboratory 
and lecture room ; those on the upper floor as anatomical 
museum and lecture room ; but after the building of 
Boylston Hall each story was converted into one large 
recitation room, and later these were thrown together into 
a single room. In recent years Holden Chapel has been 
used chiefly for religious purposes, society meetings, etc. 

Holworthy Hall was built, chiefly from the pro- 
ceeds of a lottery authorized by the State of Massachusetts, 
in 1812. It was named for Sir Matthew Holworthy, an 
English merchant, who, when he died, in 1678, left to 
the College £1,000, the largest single gift received in the 
seventeenth century. Used always as a dormitory, this 
hall has for many years been considered, on account of 
its large rooms, the most desirable in the Yard, and was 
for a while used exclusively by seniors. Room 12, which 
was visited in 1860 by the Prince of Wales, and in 1871 
by the Duke Alexis, contains pictures of these personages 
presented by themselves. Holworthy has 24 suites of 
rooms, each consisting of a study and two single bed- 
rooms. 




HOLDEN CHAPEL. 




HOLWORTHY HALL. 



36 

Thayer Hall was erected in 1869-70 at a cost of 
$100,000. It was the gift of Nathaniel Thayer, a mer- 
chant of Boston, a member of the Board of Overseers 
from 1866 until 1868, a Fellow of the College from 
1868 until 1875. He gave it in memory of his father, 
Nathaniel Thayer, of the Class of 1789, in 1792-93, a 
tutor in the College, and of his brother, John Eliot 
Thayer, the founder of the Thayer Scholarships. This 
dormitory, which contains 68 suites of rooms, was de- 
signed to accommodate 116 students and three officers. 

Weld Hall, containing 54 suites of rooms, of which 
22 are single and the rest double, was built in 1871-72, 
at a cost of about $97,000. It was given by William 
Fletcher "Weld, in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot 
Weld, of the Class of 1826, a benefactor of the College, 
a member of the Board of Overseers from 1858 until his 
death in 1867, and one of the first to conceive the idea 
of a Memorial Hall. 

Grays Hall, built in 1863 by the College, is named 
for Francis Galley Gray, of the Class of 1809, a Fellow 
of the College from 1826 until 1836, John Chipman Gray, 
of the Class of 1811, a member of the Board Overseers 
from 1847 until 1854, and William Gray, of the Class of 
1829, a member of the Board of Overseers from 1866 
until 1872, benefactors of the University. It has always 
been used as a dormitory, and has 49 suites of rooms, 
each consisting of a study and an alcove. Antiquarian 
research has made it seem probable that the first of all 
the College buildings formerly stood on this site. 




THAYER HALL. 




AVELD HALL. 



38 

Matthews Hall, completed in 1872, was the gift of 
Nathan Matthews, of Boston, who stipulated that half 
of the net income from the dormitory should be used to 
aid students preparing for the ministry of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church and sons of clergymen of that church. 
Fifteen Matthews Scholarships were established. This 
dormitory, containing 60 suites of rooms, is thought to 
stand on the site of the old Indian College built in 1666. 

College House, originally called Graduates' Hall, 
was erected at the expense of the College in 1832. In 
1845, when it was occupied largely by law students, an 
addition was made in order to give room for a store and 
for the office of the Omnibus Company. Undergraduates 
were first allowed to room here in 1846-47, but it was not 
until 1860 that the name was changed to College House. 
The upper floors contain 70 rooms ; the lower floor is 
occupied by stores. It is situated in Massachusetts 
Avenue, opposite Dane Hall. 

Holyoke House, erected by the President and 
FelloAvs in 1870-71, at a cost of $120,000, contains 
50 suites of rooms. It is situated at the corner of 
Massachusetts Avenue and Holyoke Street ; its lower 
floor is occupied by stores. 

Dane Hall, built with $7,000 given by Nathan Dane, 
of Beverly, of the Class of 1778, a delegate to the Con- 
tinental Congress, was completed in 1832 ; but when 
Matthews Hall was built, Dane Hall was moved a short 
distance south of its original site. The Law School occu- 
pied the building until 1883 ; then it removed to Austin 




GRAYS HALL 




MATTHEWS HALL. 



40 



Hall. In 1882 certain rooms were given over to the 
Harvard Cooperative Association, which still occupies 
them. Other rooms are now used for lectures and for 
the Psychological Laboratory ; one room contains the 
Musical Library of about 200 volumes. In 1845, and 
again in 1891, Dane Hall was enlarged. 

The Psychological Laboratory, founded in 1891, occu- 
pies the second floor of Dane Hall, and consists of ten 
working rooms and one large lecture room. It is devoted 
chiefly to original research work in all fields of experi- 
mental psychology, and, secondarily, to courses for be- 
ginners in psychology ; its equipment furnishes at the 
same time the material for the demonstrations in the psy- 
chological lecture courses. The collection of apparatus, 
which represents a value of about $10,000, may be classi- 
fied in five groups : (1) apparatus for the study of centri- 
petal processes, especially sensations ; (2) apparatus for 
the study of centrifugal processes, especially actions ; (3) 
apparatus for the study of central processes, especially 
ideas ; (4) apparatus for the demonstration of the physio- 
logical processes which underlie mental life; (5) the 
technical outfit. 

The first group contains the collection of instruments 
for the study of seeing, hearing, and touching. In 
the service of the optical investigations two rooms are 
fitted up as dark rooms, equipped with the heliostates 
and with instruments for the study of color-sensations. 
Most of the acoustical equipment was furnished by Konig 
(Paris) and Appunn (Hanau) . The second group cont ains 
among its means for studying the centrifugal processes, 
such as emotion, volition, action, the instruments for the 
time measurement of psychical processes and for the 




COLLEGE HOUSE. 





' 








Br x' /' 


.« h 


* r * , *BS»J 




jfl 


feV'--"' /'' 




I*Shi3B 


'' ii 




- W W 


-.1 


f-p" ' ; * 


/ (i 


T|il 


tuminMiiiU'iiH jig 


.*&&?*:• -"; 




k*S3 *' 





HOLYOKE HOUSE. 



42 



registration of expression. Instruments of the labora- 
tory belonging to this group are the chronoscopes and 
the chronographs, the kymographs and registering tuning- 
forks, the pendulum instruments and the control hammer, 
the pneumographs and sphygmographs, the plethysmo- 
graphs and ergographs, the electric keys and the chain 
reaction apparatus, etc. The apparatus of the third 
group is employed in the study of the ideas and their 
associations, of memory and apperception, of space and 
time, and of attention and feeling. The work on associ- 
ation, space sense, and aesthetic feelings has, during late 
years, been especially prominent and has demanded many 
new instruments of special construction. The fourth 
group contains models of brain and sense organs, mostly 
with detachable parts ; microscopes, with histological nerve 
preparations ; apparatus demonstrating the functions of 
eye and ear. The fifth group includes a regular work- 
shop, with carpenter's bench, electrical outfit with bat- 
teries, motors, induction coils, galvanometers, etc. ; 
chemical and mechanical, anatomical and physiological 
outfits ; and a full line of all material for preparing 
the apparatus for the varying purposes of new investi- 
gations. 

Each room is in electrical connection with every other 
room, and supplementing the batteries of the laboratory, 
the current from the street wires supplies the building with 
light and motor power. The reference library, which is 
at the disposal of all using the laboratory, contains full 
sets of the leading psychological and philosophical maga- 
zines and a collection of philosophical, psychological, and 
physiological handbooks and monographs. Large charts 
of the nervous system, pictures of psychologists, and 




DANE HALL. 




WADSWOKTH HOUSE. 



44 



diagrams showing optical illusions, etc., cover the walls of 
the rooms. The results of the investigations made in the 
laboratory have been published mostly in the "Psycho- 
logical Review." 

Wadsworth House was built with £1,000 granted 
by the General Court of Massachusetts (supplemented, 
however, by, other funds, as the Legislature refused to 
grant enough to finish the work) in 1726, a year after 
President Wadsworth's inauguration. Inside, it was not 
completed until the next year ; it cost altogether about 
£1,800. It is the oldest building, except Massachusetts 
Hall, now standing. At first called the President's 
House, it was occupied by successive presidents until 
1849. For a short time in 1775, until more spacious 
quarters were obtained in the old Vassall House, now 
known as Craigie House, the residence of Longfellow, 
it was the headquarters of Washington and Lee ; and 
undoubtedly some of the first despatches sent by Wash- 
ington to Congress, to Richard Henry Lee, and to General 
Schuyler, were written in this house. Towards the close 
of the century the building was enlarged, and after 1849 
it was used as a dormitory and boarding house for stu- 
dents. It is at present occupied by the Bursar, the 
Preachers to the University, and a few students. 

Boylston Hall was erected in 1857 with a fund 
bequeathed by Ward Nicholas Boylston, which was sub- 
sequently largely increased by subscription. The building 
Avas enlarged by the addition of a third story in 1870, 
and the accommodations were still further extended in 
1891 and 1895. It is occupied by the Department of 



45 



Chemistry of Harvard College, the Lawrence Scientific 
School, and the Graduate School. 

On the entrance floor are four laboratories. — The lab- 
oratory for quantitative analysis (Room 2), with 44 desks, 
is provided with hoods, apparatus for electrolysis, and 
water-baths of novel construction. In the weighing-room 
adjoining this laboratory is a collection of 203 new com- 
pounds and 50 other substances illustrating the original 
work of the department before the year 1893. The 
laboratory for inorganic research (atomic weights) is 
entered through the laboratory for quantitative analysis. 
It has accommodations for 8 students. 

The laboratory for physical chemistry (Room 4) con- 
tains places for 12 students. The laboratory for ele- 
mentary chemistry (Room 5) contains 64 desks and can 
accommodate 128 students. 

In the basement is a laboratory with 116 desks (232 
students) for descriptive inorganic chemistry. 

On the second floor are the lecture rooms and the 
rooms for chemical apparatus and specimens (Rooms 7, 
9, 10). A selected collection of specimens is exhibited 
in two cases in the entry for the use of the class in inor- 
ganic chemistry. Attention is called to the series of 
salts of neodymium and of praseodymium. The library 
(Room 8) is also on this floor.' It contains the more 
important chemical text-books and periodicals (1600 
volumes and over 5000 dissertations) to be used for 
consultation only ; it is supplementary to the larger 
collection of books on chemistry in Gore Hall. 

On the third floor is the laboratory for organic chem- 
istry (Room 11) with desks for 25 men studying ele- 
mentary chemistry, and for 9 students of research. On 




BOYLSTON HALL. 




SEVER HALL. 



47 



the same floor is the laboratory for qualitative analysis 
with 98 desks (196 men), which also accommodates the 
overflow of the class in descriptive inorganic chemistry* 
The method of dispensing sulphuretted hydrogen will be 
of interest to teachers of chemistry. 

The storerooms for apparatus and chemicals are in the 
garret. Electricity of various voltages, gas under con- 
stant pressure, and live steam are supplied to those 
rooms in which they are needed. Parts of the building 
are lighted by electricity ; the ventilation is obtained by 
fans worked by electric motors. 

Sever Hall, completed in 1882 at a cost of about 
$115,000, is named for Mrs. Ann E. P. Sever, who 
left $100,000 to the College. It was designed by Henry 
Hobson Richardson, of the Class of 1859. It contains 
37 rooms, used chiefly for recitations and lectures. Here, 
too, are the departmental libraries of English, French, 
German, Sanskrit, Semitic, and Romance Languages. 

The Child Memorial Library (Room 2). — This library 
was founded by a subscription among the friends and 
the former pupils of Professor Francis James Child to 
perpetuate the memory of his services to the University 
and to learning. This subscription resulted in a sum of 
nearly $11,000, the income of which is spent under the 
direction of the Department of English for the purchase 
of books relating to the study of English. There are at 
present in the library 2105 volumes. 

With the Child Memorial Library are kept the Library 
of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, 
numbering 400 volumes, and the Library of Romance 
Philology, numbering 500 volumes. 



48 



Library of the Division of Semitic Languages and 
History (Room 7). — This library was established by the 
generosity of Jacob H. Schiff , of New York ; a few 
gifts have been received from other persons. It now 
contains about 800 volumes and a number of pamphlets. 
It is intended to supply students in Semitic languages 
and history with the requisite aids for special investiga- 
tion ; as far as possible the purchase of text-books and 
•of books found in the College Library is avoided. The 
use of the library is restricted to members and students 
of the department. A sum of money recently given by 
Mr. Schiff makes it possible to fill existing gaps, and 
•especially to complete the collection of works relating to 
.Rabbinical and Talmudical literature. 

Library of the Department of Indo-Iranian Languages 
^Room 15). — The collections of the Sanskrit class-room 
library comprise some 500 volumes on the religions, the 
antiquities, and the literature of India, in part supplement- 
ing, and in part duplicating the collection of the College 
Library. Here are also kept some 500 manuscripts of 
Sanskrit and Prakrit texts, purchased for the University 
by Professor Lanman in India. These, with about as 
many more given to the University by Dr. Fitzedward 
Hall, of the Class of 1846, form the largest collection of 
Indie manuscripts in America. 

This library also contains maps and many large, 
mounted photographs of Indie antiquities and scenery. 
From these pictures have been made nearly 250 lantern- 
slides, illustrating especially subjects concerning the 
archaeology of India, and this collection of slides is 
from time to time increased. The room contains three 
cases with over 340 electrotype reproductions, made from 



49 



the originals in the British Museum, of coins struck in 
India before the Mohammedan invasion of 1000 a.d. 

Here, also, is placed the Siamese edition of the Sacred 
Books of the Buddhists, in 39 volumes, made by the 
King of Siam to commemorate the 25th anniversary of 
his accession to the throne, and by him given to the 
University. 

Library of the Department of French (Room 21). — 
This library is intended for the use of instructors and 
of students in the higher French elective courses and is 
strictly a reference library. It comprises some 2000 
volumes, and is being steadily increased. The books 
are classified, and a card catalogue further facilitates 
consultation. 

A collection of photographic reproductions, containing 
portraits of historical and literary celebrities, of historical 
scenes and buildings, of important paintings, and views 
of Paris and other cities of France, has been presented to 
the department by the Cercle Francais. Many of these 
photographs have been framed and hung in Sever 19, 21, 
and 23. 

The Fine Arts Drawing Room (Room 37). — This room 
is provided with working tables for nearly 100 students. 
In it is kept a considerable collection of drawings, pho- 
tographs, engravings, and casts for class use. Among the 
drawings are a few original ones by Prout and Ruskin, 
and among the photographs are several from important 
drawings by Viollet-le-Duc. 

Appleton Chapel, the second building belonging 
to the University designed solely for religious worship, 
was the gift of Samuel Appleton of Boston, who left 



50 



$200,000 to the College with the dh-ection that one- 
fourth of it should be spent for a chapel. It was built 
at a cost of nearly $68,000, and was completed in 
1858. In the interior a good many changes have been 
made : the pulpit, at first on the northern side, is now at 
the eastern end ; the roof proved defective and had to be 
altered ; the galleries are of recent date. The later im- 
provements are due to the liberality of the children of 
Nathan Appleton, of Boston. Here are held the daily 
religious services of the University. 

In 1886 compulsory attendance at the chapel was aban- 
doned ; and the management of the religious services of 
the University was entrusted to a Board of Preachers, 
which was established by the following vote of the Presi- 
dent and Fellows, May 10, 1886 : — 

' ' That five preachers to the University be annually 
appointed by the President and Fellows, with the con- 
currence of the Board of Overseers, who, in conjunc- 
tion with the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, 
shall arrange and conduct the religious services of the 
University." The Board of Overseers concurred in this 
vote on May 12, 1886, and in 1892 it was incorporated 
in the Statutes of the University. 

On June 14, 1886, on the unanimous recommendation 
of the Preachers and the Plummer Professor, the Presi- 
dent and Fellows voted " That the statute numbered 15, 
concerning religious exercises, be amended by striking 
out the clause, " at which the attendance of the students 
is required"; and on June 16 the Board of Overseers 
concurred in this vote. Attendance at the religious 
services of the University was thus, by the advice of 
those who conduct the services, made wholly voluntary. 



51 



The services in the University Chapel are directed by 
the Board of Preachers as follows : Each conducts daily 
morning prayers, which are held at a quarter before 
nine o'clock, for about three weeks in each half-year, 
and each preaches on four Sunday evenings. The preacher 
conducting morning prayers is in attendance every morn- 
ing during his term of duty at Wadsworth House 1, and 
is at the immediate service of any student who may desire 
to consult him. On Thursday afternoons from November 
till May, vesper services are held in the University Chapel. 
These services are brief, largely musical, with an address 
from one of the Preachers. Services on Sunday evenings 
are conducted by preachers of various communions by 
invitation of the Board of Preachers. The music at all 
services is by the College choir, a full male chorus of 25 
sopranos and altos, and 16 tenors and basses. 

There have served on the Board of Preachers since its 
foundation in 1886 : — 

Edward Everett Hale, D.D. 
Alexander McKenzie, D.D. 
Theodore C. Williams, D.B. 
George A. Gordon, D.D. 
Phillips Brooks, D.D. 
William Lawrence, S.T.D. 
Brooke Herford, D.D. 
Henry Van Dyke, D.D. 
Lyman Abbott, D.D. 
Charles Carroll Everett, D.D. 
Washington Gladden, D.D. 
Leighton Parks, D.D. 
J. Estlin Carpenter, A.M. 
E. Winchester Donald, D.D. 



52 



Samuel McChord Ckothers, A.B. 

Simon J. McPherson, D.D. 

John H. Vincent, D.D. 

Samuel D. McConnell, D.D. 

Philip S. Moxom, D.D. 

George Harris, D.D. 

George Hodges, D.D. 

William DeWitt Hyde, D.D., LL.D. 

William H. P. Faunce, A.M., D.D. 

William Wallace Fenn, D.B. 

The William Hayes Fogg Art Museum is 

situated iu the College Yard, facing Broadway, nearly 
opposite Memorial Hall. It is a fire-proof building of 
Indiana stone, erected at a cost of $150,000, and com- 
pleted in the year 1895. This Museum was founded by 
Mrs. Elizabeth Fogg, of New York, in memory of her 
husband, whose name it bears. Mrs. Fogg bequeathed to 
the President and Fellows for this purpose the sum of 
$220,000. Out of the balance of this sum, with its 
accrued interest, after paying the cost of the building, 
the expenses of the first equipment of the Museum were 
met, and the remainder (about $50,000) is reserved as a 
fund to defray a part of the cost of maintenance and 
administration. 

The building is of two stories, having a lecture-room, 
with a seating capacity of about five hundred, attached. 
The ground floor is divided into a large hall and five 
smaller rooms. In the main exhibition hall are gatheied 
casts of some of the finest examples of Greek and Greco- 
Roman sculpture, illustrating the work of all periods of 
Greek art. Among the important objects represented 
are the colossal statue of Apollo from the Temple of 




APPLETON CHAPEL. 




THE WILLIAM HAYES FOGG ART MUSEUM. 



54 



Zeus at Olympia ; a large portion of the frieze and the 
pediment sculptures of the Parthenon ; the Hermes of 
Praxiteles ; the Venus of Melos ; various sculptures lately 
found at Epidaurus ; a colossal relief from the Arch of 
Trajan at Beneventum ; and others. In the middle west 
room is a small number of casts from Egyptian and 
Assyrian sculptures ; in the southwest room a classified 
collection of electrotypes from Greek and Roman coins 
and a few fine Greek vases ; in the east rooms are a 
few casts from Mediaeval sculptures, and a considerable 
number of casts from sculptures of the Italian Renais- 
sance. Among these last are the beautiful recumbent 
statue from the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by Jacopo 
della Quercia, the St. George of Donatello, the David 
of Verrochio, and several of the finest works of Michael 
Angelo — including two figures from the Medicean tombs, 
the Pieta of Rome, and the Madonna of S. Lorenzo. 

On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor a large 
number of photographs from drawings by the Italian and 
German masters of the Renaissance will be found, together 
with a number of solar enlargements of photographs from 
Egyptian, Greek, and Mediaeval architectural monu- 
ments. The large upper gallery is at present used for 
the exhibition, by relays, of photographs from works of 
art of various schools and epochs. The west rooms on 
this floor are devoted to the storage of photographs and 
to the work of administration. 

The collection of photographs now numbers upwards 
of 25,000. It affords a wide range of illustrations of 
the Fine Arts of all epochs, and all countries, including 
ai-chitecture, sculpture, and painting. These photographs, 
which are kept in dust-proof cases, are conveniently clas- 



00 



sified and catalogued for use. They are always acces- 
sible to members of the University, and other suitable 
persons, on application to the Director's assistants. Large 
tables are provided for convenient examination of the 
photographs, and conveniences for tracing, copying, and 
note-taking are afforded. 

In the larger east room on this floor, and in a part of 
the great gallery, are deposited the Gray and the Randall 
collections of engravings, which together include about 
30,000 prints. The Gray Collection was bequeathed to 
Harvard College, with provision for its increase and main- 
tenance, by Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809. 
It is rich in prints from the works of the great early 
German and Italian wood and metal engravers * and 
etchers ; and contains many specimens of later forms of 
engraving, including numerous examples of more modern 
work. This collection is exhibited by relays in glazed 
dust-proof cases ; and access to the prints in the storage 
cases may always be had, under suitable regulations, on 
application to the Director or his assistants. 

The Randall Collection was given to the College in 
the year 1892 by Miss Belinda L. Randall in accordance 
with the wishes of her brother, John Witt Randall, of 
the Class of 1834, together with the sum of $30,000 to 
establish a fund, the income of which is to be used, as far 
as it may be needed, for the care and preservation of the 
prints ; any surplus income may be used at the discre- 
tion of the President and Fellows for the general purposes 
of ' ' the department of Engravings and allied branches of 
the Fine Arts." This large collection, gathered by Mr. 
Randall to illustrate the history of the art of engrav- 
ing, contains some very important prints. 



56 

The Randall Collection is accessible under the same 
regulations which apply to the Gray Collection. 

Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre. — In 

voting to accept this building, the President and Fel- 
lows took occasion to say of it that it was ' ' the most 
valuable gift which the University has ever received, in 
respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral signifi- 
cance." The daily usefulness of the building is chiefly 
due to its western end, which is used as a dining hall for 
students ; the eastern end is the principal place of assem- 
bly on occasions of academic ceremonial ; the moral 
significance of the whole is set forth especially in the 
transept, which one enters first. 

Sanders Theatre, as the eastern end is called, is named 
for Charles Sanders, of the Class of 1802, whose gift 
it was. The dining hall and the transept were built 
by a committee of the alumni, with funds given by 
numerous graduates and friends of the University, as 
a memorial to the sons of Harvard who fought for the 
preservation of the Union, and especially to those who 
fell. 

At a meeting of graduates in Boston, in May, 1865, a 
committee of eleven was appointed to consider the subject 
of a permanent memorial. They reported, at the next 
Commencement in favor of a memorial hall. A commit- 
tee of fifty was named, with full power to act. Charles 
Greely Loring, of the Class of 1848, was made chairman, 
and many distinguished gentlemen were among his asso- 
ciates. The plan of a memorial hall, providing a meeting 
place for the alumni, a dining hall for the students, and a 
commemorative monument to the soldiers of Harvard, was 



58 



adopted ; William Robert Ware, of the Class of 1852, and 
Henry Van Brunt, of the Class of 1854, were appointed 
architects ; and a building committee and a committee on 
finance were appointed to carry out the work. The old 
"Delta," a playground, was secured for a site. The 
corner stone was laid October 6, 1870 ; the dining hall 
and the memorial vestibule were finished in the summer 
of 1874; Sanders Theatre was first- occupied Commence- 
ment Day, 1876. The whole building was transferred to 
the President and Fellows in July, 1878. The total cost 
up to that time was $368,482. Many additions and 
adornments have since been added by classes, individual 
graduates, and friends. The extreme length of the build- 
ing is 305 feet ; the width through the axis of the transept 
is 113 feet; the tower is 190 feet high. The clock in the 
tower is the gift of the Class of 1872, and was placed 
there in 1897. On the exterior, at the east end, are 
busts of seven orators — Demosthenes, Cicero, St. 
Chrysostom, Bossuet, Pitt, Burke, and Webster, all 
executed in sandstone by John Evans, of Boston; at 
the west end, in the cloister porch, are a marble statue 
of President Everett, a bronze bust of President Walker, 
and a tablet erected to the memory of Edward Augustus 
Wild, of the Class of 1844, Brigadier General, United 
States Volunteers. The iron gates of the cloister were 
the gift of a member of the Class of 1871. Inscription : 

c • a • GOODNOW 
A • B • 1871 • FORES • SUA • PEC ■ F 



59 



The inscriptions on the outside of the building are as 
follows : 

The dedicatory inscription, beginning above the south 
entrance to the transept and ending above the north 
entrance, is 

MEMORIAE • EORVM 

QVI • HIS • IN • SEDIBVS • INSTITVTI 

MORTEM • PRO • PATRIA • OPPETIVERVNT 

VT • VIRTVTIS • EXEMPLA 

SEMPER • APVD • VOS • VIGEANT 

SODALES • AMICIQVE • POSVERVNT 

Which may be translated : 

In memory of 

the men trained here 

who 

Gave their Lives for their Country 

this Hall is built 

by their Classmates and Friends 

to the end that Ensamples of True Manhood 

be ever in honor among you 

The dates 1861 and 1865 are inscribed on the south 
front, though they form no part of the dedicatory sentence. 

Above the great west window are the words hvmanitas • 
virtvs • pietas, and below it : aedificata • ann • dom • 

MDCCCLXXI • ANN • COLL • HARV • CCXXXV 

In the interior of the transept, above the wainscoting, 
the two rising to a height of 24 feet, are marble tablets 
inscribed with the names of those students and graduates 



60 

who fell in the war for the Union. Of these, 97 had been 
in Harvard College, 17 in the Medical School, 13 in the 
Law School, 6 in the Scientific School, 2 in the Divinity 
School, and 1 in the Astronomical Observatory. The 
dates of their deaths and the places where they fell 
are also given. Above the tablets are various inscrip- 
tions, as follows : — 

On the east wall, in the centre : 

THIS HALL 

COMMEMORATES THE PATRIOTISM 

OF THE GRADUATES AND STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY 

WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES 

DURING THE WAR FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION 

AND UPON THESE TABLETS 

ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE AMONG THEM 

WHO DIED IN THAT SERVICE 

On the east wall near the south entrance, from Cicero, 
Philippics, 14, 34 : 

OPTIMA ■ EST • HAEC • CONSOLATIO 

PARENTIBVS • QVOD • TANTA • REIPVBLICAE • PRAESIDIA • GENVERVNT 

LIBERIS • QVOD • HABEBVNT • DOMESTICA ■ EXEMPLA • VIRTVTIS 

CONIVGIBVS • QVOD • IIS • VIRIS • CAREBVNT 

QVOS • LAVDARE • QVAM • LVGERE • PRAESTABIT 

Translation : This is the best comfort unto their 
parents, that they have begotten such strong defences 
of the Eepublic, unto their children that they shall have 
of their own kindred ensamples of true manhood, unto 



61 



their wives that they shall be widows of husbands fitter 
for words of eulogy than for weeds. 

At the other end of the east wall, from the Vulgate 
version of St. Luke, 17, 33 : 

QVICVNQVE • QVAESIERIT • ANIMAM • SVAM 

SALVAM • FACERE • PERDET • ILLAM 

ET • QVICVNQVE • PERDIDERIT • ILLAM • VIVIFICABIT • EAM 

' ' Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it ; 
and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it." 

Below this is the hexameter verse, adapted from Lucre- 
tius, 3, 869 : 

MORTALEM • VITAM • MORS • IMMORTALIS • ADEMIT 

That is : 

Immortal death hath reft their mortal life away. 

On the west wall, proceeding from south to north : 

Cicero's version of Simonides's epigram on the Spartans 
who fell at Thermopylae (Tusc. Disp. 1, 101) : 

DIC • HOSPES • SPARTAE • NOS ■ TE • HIC • VIDISSE • IACENTES 
DVM • SANCTIS • PATRIAE • LEGIBVS • OBSEQVIMVR 

Translation : 

Tell Sparta, friend, you saw us lying here 
Obedient to our country's holy laws. 



62 
From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 31 : 

O • FORTVNATA • MORS • QVAE ■ NATVRAE • DEBITA 
PRO • PATRIA • JEST • POTISSIMVM • REDDITA 

Translation : O happy death when the debt to Nature 
is paid with free choice for one's native land ! 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4. 13 : 

CONSVMMATI • IN • BREVI • EXPLEVERVNT • TEMPORA • MVLTA 

They, "being made perfect in a short time, fulfilled a 
long time." 

From Plautus, Amphitruo, 649 : 

VIRTVS • OMNIBVS • REBVS • ANTEIT • PROFECTO 

LIBERTAS • SALVS • VITA • RES • ET • PARENTES 

ET • PATRIA • ET • PROGNATI • TVTANTVR • SERVANTVR 

Translation : 

In sooth, 'tis Courage that surpasseth all: 
The watch and ward of freedom, safety, life, 
Of fortune, parents, offspring, fatherland. 

From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 30 : 

GRATA • EORVM • VIRTVTEM • MEMORIA • PROSEQVI 
QVI • PRO • PATRIA • VITAM • PROPVDERVNT 

Translation : With grateful memory to honor them that 
have yielded up life for native land. 



63 



From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 32 : 

BREVIS • A • NATVRA • NOBIS • VITA • DATA • EST 
AT • MEMORIA ■ BENE • REDDITAE • VITAE • SEMPITERNA 

Translation : A short life hath Nature given unto man ; 
but the remembrance of a life nobly rendered up is for 
ever and ever. 

Last on the west wall : 

BRVTORVM • AETERNITAS • SVBOLES 
VIRORVM • FAMA • MERITA • ET • INSTITVTA 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4, 1 : 

IMMORTALIS • EST • ENIM • MEMORIA • ILLORVM 
QVONIAM • ET • APVD • DEVM ■ NOTA • EST • ET ■ APVD ■ HOMINES 

Translation : " The memorial" of these " is immortal : 
because it is known with Grod, and with men." 

Above the small doors in the west wall : 

ABEVNT • STVDIA • IN • MORES 

From the pseudo-Ovidian Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, 
and meaning : Our studies breed our habits. 

RECTI • CVLTVS • PECTORA • ROBORANT 

From Horace, Odes, 4, 4, 34, meaning : Right train- 
ing is the strength of character. 

The great north window in the transept was given by 
Martin Brimmer, of the Class of 1849, Fellow of Harvard 
College 1877-96, in memory of the sons of Harvard who 
fell in the Civil War. It was unveiled on Commencement 



64 



Day, 1898. The artist, Sarah Wyman Whitman, writes of 
it thus : ' ' The design of this window is to commemorate 
the forces which inspired these heroes. Love of the Uni- 
versity is symbolized, at one end of the five lower panels, 
by the Scholar ; and, at the other end, love of Country, 
by the Soldier. Above these are four cherubs, holding 
tablets inscribed with the heroic virtues (Amor, Honor, 
Virtus, Patientid) ; and higher still are augelie figures of 
praise ; while the design culminates in a Rose, wherein 
the ascription of Glory to God is typified in color, with a 
choir of angels circling round the centre." 

The inscriptions and subordinate scenes in the design 
are as follows : 

On the scrolls held by the angels on either side of the 
Rose, from Psalms, 115, 1 : non • nobis • domine • non • 
ts t obis • sed • tvo • nomini • gloria • sit. Translation : 
•" Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name 
give glory." 

On the panel next the Scholar, a picture of Sir Philip 
Sidney giving the cup of water to the soldier, with a tem- 
porary inscription, to be replaced later : nihil • est • 

PRAECLARIVS • QVAM • DE • RE • PVBLICA • BENE • MERERI, 

from Cicero. Translation : There is nothing so honorable 
as to deserve the gratitude of the Republic. 

On the panel next the Soldier, a picture of St. Martin 
giving his cloak to the beggar. The accompanying inscrip- 
tion contains the saying of St. Martin when, at a crisis in 
his life, he dedicated himself anew to the service of God. 
The Latin words are a translation by Mr. Brimmer from 
the passage in a French life of the Saint : si • tibi • opvs • 

EST • MEO • LABORE • NON • RECVSO • LABOREM. Ill English : 

" If my labor can serve thee, I will never withhold it." 



65 



The inscription on the middle panel is : 

SALVE • QVISQVIS • ADES 

EORVM • ADSPICIS • NOMINA • HARVAEDIANORVM 

QVI • FERVIDI • ADVLESCENTES • SEV • PLENIORE • VIRI • CONSILIO 

VT ■ INTEGRA • MANERET • RES • PVBLICA 

OPPETIVERVNT • MORTEM 

QVAE • MORIENTES • CONSERVABANT • ILLI 

EA • TV • COLITO • DVM • VIVIS 

VT • HOMINES • APVD • NOS • MAGIS • SINT 

LIBERI • BEATI • CONCORDES 

Translation : Greeting, whoe'er thou art. Thou see'st 
the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or 
manhood's riper resolution laid down their lives that the 
Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles 
they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier, 
and more united. 

At the bottom of the window : 

MARTINVS • BRIMMER • ALVMNVS • SOCIVS • DONVM • DEDIT, 

that is, "Martin Brimmer, Alumnus and Fellow, gave 
this gift." The two dates, 1829 and 1896, are those of 
the birth and death of Mr. Brimmer. 

In the south window are the names of the Virtues. 

From the gallery above the door leading to the dining 
hall hang two flags, the gift of the nation to Dorothea 
Dix — a gift which she herself chose — for her ser- 
vices during the War. These flags she bequeathed to 
the University. 

From the transept two doorways lead to the floor of 
Sanders Theatre, and two stairways to the balcony and the 
gallery. The Theatre is polygonal ; the stage is at the 



66 



west end ; and the seats rise towards the eastern walls. 
The seating capacity is about 1300. Above the stage is 
a canopy, serving as a sounding board, and a small 
gallery for musicians. The inscription on the wall above 
the gallery is as follows : 

HIC • IN • SILVESTRIBVS 

ET • INCVLTIS • LOOS 
ANGLI • DOMO • PROFVGI 



ANNO • POST • CHRISTVM • NATVM • CIO • 10 • C • XXXVI 

POST • COLONIAM • HVC • DEDVCTAM • VI 

SAPIENTIAM • RATI • ANTE • OMNIA • COLENDAM 

SCHOLAM • PVBLICE • CONDIDERVNT 

CONDITAM • CHRISTO • ET • ECCLESIAE • DICAVERVNT 

QVAE • AVCTA • IOHANNIS • HARVARD • MVNIFICENTIA 

A • LITTERARVM • FAVTORIBVS • CVM • NOSTRATIBCS • TUM • EXTERNIS 

IDENTIDEM ■ ADIVTA 

ALVMNORVM • DENIQVE • FIDEI • COMMISSA 

AB • EXIGVIS • PERDVCTA • INITIIS • AD • MAIORA • RERVM • INCREMENTA 

PRAESIDVM • SOCIORVM • INSPECTORVM • SENATVS • ACADEMICI 

CONSILIIS • ET • PRVDENTIA • ET • CVRA 

OPTVMAS • ARTES • VIRTVTES ■ PVBLICAS • PRIVATAS 

COLVIT • COLIT 



QVI-AVTEM-DOCTI-FVERINT.FVLGEBVNT-QVASI-SPLENDOR-FIRMAMENTI 

ET • QVI • AD • IVSTITIAM • ERVDIVNT • MVLTOS 

QVASI • STEIXAE • IN • PERPETVAS • AETERNITATES 



67 



Translation : 

Here in the woods and wilds 

English Exiles 

in the year of our Lord 1636, 

the sixth after the settlement of the Colony, 

holding that wisdom was to be cherished above all else, 

founded a College at the public cost 

and dedicated it to Christ and his Church. 

Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard, 

aided also by patrons of learning both here and abroad, 

entrusted finally to the charge of its alumni, 

from small beginnings guided to a growth of greater powers 

by the judgment, foresight and care, 

of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers, and Faculties, 

it has ever cherished the best arts & virtues, public & private , 

and cherishes them now. 



The rest of the inscription is from the book of Daniel, 
12, 3 : "And they that be wise shall shine as the bright- 
ness of the firmament ; and they that turn many to 
righteousness as the stars for ever and ever." 



68 



In the panel at the north side of the gallery is the 
donor's inscription : 

CAROLVS • SANDERS 



A • B • ANNI • CIO • 10 • CCC • II 

THEATRVM 

ALVMNIS • ACADEMICIS 

SVA • PEC • F 

Translation: Charles Sanders, A.B. 1802, built this 
theatre for the Alumni at his own cost. 

In the south panel is the date : 

AEDIFICATVM • ANNO • POST • CHR • NAT 



CIO • 10 • CCC • XXXVI 
POST • POP • AMER • LIBERATVM 

C 

Translation: Built a.d. 1876, in the one hundredth 
year of American Independence. 

Story's marble statue of President Quincy, at the side 
of the stage, is the only piece of statuary in the Theatre. 
On the basement floor there are large dressing rooms. 

The dining hall, which occupies the long western por- 
tion of the building, is entered from the centre of the 
transept. Another door, at the north end of the trans- 
ept, leads into the Auditor's office ; thence a stairway 
leads to a gallery overlooking the dining hall. From 
this gallery one can pass into rooms set apart for the 
various administrative offices, into a gallery overlooking 
the transept, and by a stairway into the tower. 

The dining hall is 149 feet long, 60 feet wide, and, to 
the ridge, QQ feet high. More than 1100 students, mem- 



69 



bers of the Dining Association, regularly take their meals 
here. A board of directors, chosen by the members, 
administer, under certain regulations of the President 
and Fellows, the affairs of the Association. 

Inside the hall are busts and portraits of alumni and 
benefactors, each marked with the name of the subject 
and the artist. The great western window shows the 
armorial bearings of the nation, the state, and the Uni- 
versity. The stained glass windows on the north and 
the south are all memorial windows, given chiefly by 
various classes. Beginning on the left as one enters, 
the figures in the windows and the inscriptions are as, 
follows : 

1. This window is yet unfilled. 

2. Window of the Class of 1859 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject : Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, showing her 
sons to her sister who is playing with her jewelry. In- 
scription : CORXELIA ■ MATER • GRACCHORVM. Then follow 

Cornelia's famous words : haec • ornamenta • mea • svnt 
— " These are my jewels." 

3. Davis Memorial Window ; by Henry Holliday ; given 
by the Davis family. Figures : Columbus and Blake. In- 
scriptions : At the top, Port Royal — Memphis — Fort 
Pillow. In the left hand window, Columbus, Born 1442, 
Died 1506. In the right hand window, Blake, Born 1599, 
Died 1657. The memorial inscription proper, occupying 
the lower part of both windows, is as follows : 

MEMORIAE ■ CAROLI • HENRICI • DAVIS • PRAEF • NAV • VIRI 
BELLI • ET • PACIS • ARTIBVS • PRAESTANTIS • NATVS • EST 
A • D • XVII • K • FEB • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • VII • MORTVVS 
A • D • XII • K • MART • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • O.XXVII • ALVMXVS 



70 



A • CIO • 10 • CCC • XXV • LL • D • CIO • 10 • CCC • d,XVIII • PER 
vl/V • ANNOS • SINGVLAREM • FIDEM • PRVDENTIAM • VIRTVTEM 
AD • REIPVBLICAE • VTILITATEM • ET • SALVTEM • CONTVLIT 
HVIC • OB • REM • BENE • NAVIBVS • GrESTAM • GRATISSIMVS 
VERBIS • GRATIAS • EGIT • SENATVS • POPVLVSQVE • AMERICANVS 

Translation : To the memory of Charles Henry Davis, 
Rear Admiral in the Navy, eminent in the arts of war and 
of peace. He was born January 16, 1807 ; died Febru- 
ary 18, 1877 ; A.B. 1825 ; LL.D. 1868. During 55 years 
he served and safeguarded the Republic with singular 
loyalty, foresight, and valor. He received the grateful 
thanks of Congress and the American people for his dis- 
tinguished service in our fleets. 

4. Window of the Class of 1844 ; by Henry Holliday. 
Figures : Dante and Chaucer. Inscriptions : Dante, Born 
1265, Died 1321. Chaucer, Born 1328, Died 1400. 
Below : memoriae • eorvm • qvi • his • ex • sedibvs • a • 

CIO • 10 • CCC • XvLIIII • EGRESSI • DE • COLLEGIO • CONDIS- 
CIPVLISQVE • BENE • SVNT • MERITI • SODALES • POSVERVNT 

Translation : Erected by their classmates to the mem- 
ory of the members of the Class of 1844 who have earned 
the gratitude of the College and of their fellow students. 

5. Window of the Class of 1857; by Cottier & Co., 
London. Subjects : Sir Philip Sidney, and, below, the 
battle field of Zutphen; Epaminondas, and, below, a 
mother giving her son a shield. Inscription : In Memory 
of those Classmates who fell in the War. Erected 
a.d. 1879. 

6. Window of the Class of 1860 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject : A battle Scene. Inscription : in memoriam 
mdccclx. 



71 



7. Window of the Class of 1877 ; by W. J. McPherson. 
Figures : Charlemagne and Sir Thomas More. 

8. AVindow of the Class of 1854 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures : Sophocles and Shakspere. Inscription 
under the figure of Shakspere : " Had I a dozen sons, I 
had rather I had eleven die nobly for their country than 
one voluptuously surfeit out of action." Below both 
figures : In memory of our classmates who fell in defence 
of the Union. 

9. This window is yet unfilled. 

Crossing to the north side of the hall and beginning at 
the west end : 

1. Window of the Class of 1875: by C. E. Mills. 
Figures : La Salle and Marquette. 

2. This window is yet unfilled. 

3. Window of the Class of 1861 ; by F. D. Millet. 
Figures : The Student and the Crusader. Below the 
Student, a college lecture room ; below the Crusader, 
a battle field. Inscription : a • litteris • laeti • pro • 
patria • ad • arma. Translation : With light hearts from 
letters to arms for our country. 

4. Window of the Class of 1858; by Cottier & Co. 
Figures : John Hampden and Leonidas. Inscriptions : 
under Hampden : Died for the cause of civilization and 
law, and the self -restrained freedom which is their result. 
[From a letter of James Jackson Lowell, of this Class, 
written from the field to some of his classmates. He 
was mortally wounded in the battle of Grlendale, June 30, 
1862.] Under Leonidas: As for the chances of life or 
death neither is welcome without honour or duty, either 
is welcome in the path of honour and duty. [From a 



72 



letter of Henry Lyman Patten, of this Class, to his 
mother. Five times wounded in battle, he died from 
the effects of his last wound, September 10, 1864.] 
Below: Erected Anno Domini 1882. 

5. Window of the Class of 1863 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures: Andromache and Hector. 

6. Window of the Class of 1880 ; by John La Farge. 
Figures : Vergil and Homer. 

7. Window of the Class of 1879 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shielcl. Figures : Pericles and Lionardo da Vinci. In- 
scriptions : under Pericles, from his speech in Thucy elides, 

2, 63 : T^S T£ 7T0AewS V/ACLS EtKOS T(S Tl/JLUi/AeVU) OLTTO TOV 

apxeiv, wirtp a7ravres ayaAAeo-#e, [SorjO&v. Translation : 
You are bound to support our country in her imperial 
dignity in which you all take pride. Under Lionardo, 
from his Trattato, book 2 : II tesoro per se non lauda il 
suo cumulatore dopo la sua vita come fala scienza, la 
quale sempre e testimonia e tromba del suo creatore. 
Translation (from a Class Report): "Riches in them- 
selves bring no glory to their possessor at his death, as 
knowledge does, which is an everlasting witness and 
herald to its creator." 

8. Window of the Class of 1878; by F. D. Millet. 
Figures : Warren, and below, a medical lecture room ; 
Eliot, and below, Eliot preaching to the Indians. 

9. Window of the Class of 1874 ; by Edward Emerson 
Simmons of the Class of 1874. Figures : Themistocles 
and Aristides, typifying the reconciliation of the North 
with the South. Inscription, from Herodotus, 8, 79 : ws 
8e i^rjXOe ot ©e/ucrTOKAe'^s, eAeye 'ApicrretS^s raSe • ijjatas 
(jracria^eiv XP* 0V *°" Tt e ' L * v Tet ^ a-Wio Kaipco Kai 8rj kcli iv 
rw8e irepl tov 6/cdrepo; -^jxmv ir\i<ti ayaOa. ttjv TrarpiSa 



73 

ipydo-cTcu. Translation : And when Themistocles came 
out to him, Aristides said : At all times and chiefly now 
this should be our rivalry — which of us shall do most 
good to our country. 

The Statue of John Harvard, in the Delta, west of 
Memorial Hall, was designed by Mr. Daniel C. French. 
It was the gift of Samuel James Bridge, and was erected 
in 1884. 

The Lawrence Scientific School Building. — 

In 1847, Abbott Lawrence of Boston gave to the College, 
for the promotion of ' ' education bearing upon the great 
industries of the country," the sum of $50,000. With 
half of this money the laboratory and the dwelling-house 
connected therewith were built in 1848-49, with the in- 
tention of later adding to them. It was found, however, 
that a fund would be needed for the Professorship of 
Engineering, and the other half was accordingly set 
aside for this purpose. 

The School founded in this way by Abbott Lawrence 
was for 40 years a separate establishment in the Univer- 
sity, governed by a distinct Faculty ; but in 1888 it was, 
along with the College and the Graduate School, placed 
under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The instruction 
given in the Scientific School has for its main purpose a 
professional training in the several branches of applied or 
industrial science, leading to the degrees of Bachelor 
and Master of Science. This instruction is, as regards 
courses, intimately blended with that provided for stu- 
dents seeking the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Master 
of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, or 
Doctor of Science. The difference between the training 



74 



of the College and that of the Scientific School is that 
in the latter each student's course of study is, within cer- 
tain limits, prescribed. The School has now no separate 
domicile. Its work is done in the various buildings at the 
service of the Faculty which cares for it. In this com- 
mingling of the interests of its students with those of the 
students in the College, the School differs from like schools 
affiliated with other universities. 

The Engineering Library. — This library, located on 
the second floor of the building, contains more than 5000 
volumes on engineering subjects ; the reading room con- 
nected with it is supplied with all of the important foreign 
and American engineering periodicals. 

An Instrument Room on the first floor contains survey- 
ing instruments, including a number of transits, levels, 
solar compasses, surveyor's compasses, plane tables and 
alidades, and levels, rods, tapes, and chains. 

The Electrical Engineering Laboratory. — Previous to 
1891, all of the instruction in experimental electricity was 
given in the Jefferson Physical Laboratory ; but in the 
Fall of that year the small, two-story annex in the rear of 
the Lawrence Scientific School Building was erected and 
equipped, the upper floor as a shop for the repair and 
construction of apparatus, and the ground floor as a 
dynamo laboratory. Since then the equipment has grown 
steadily, and several rooms in the basement of the main 
building are now utilized. 

The Dynamo Laboratory contains besides the 15 kilo- 
watt, 500 volt motor, which supplies power to the shop 
and laboratory, a considerable variety of direct and alter- 
nating current generators and motors, with an average 
capacity of 5 or 6 kilowatts, all belted to the line shaft 



75 



by means of friction clutches ; lamp banks and rheostats 
of various kinds for the absorption of power, aggregating 
a capacity of about 30 kilowatts ; two sets of apparatus 
for the rapid delineation of alternatiag current and electro- 
motive force curves ; transformers, condensers, inductive 
and non-inductive resistances, and other apparatus for 
alternating current experiments. 

Five of the above mentioned dynamos and motors, three 
of the transformers, and some of the auxiliary apparatus 
were designed by students and constructed in the shop. 
A three-phase motor so designed is supplied with several 
armatures (or secondaries), arranged to show the effect 
of varying the secondary resistance and inductance and 
the nature of the secondary winding. Oue of trans- 
formers, designed for insulation tests, has a secondary 
electromotive force of 40,000 volts, and a capacity of 
15 kilowatts. 

The thirty-inch lathe in the shop, operated by means of 
a motor in the headstock, is a successful example of the 
direct application of electric motors to the operation of 
slow speed machinery, and exhibits one or two novel 
features. It was designed by students. 

Two circuits, a 500 volt direct current power circuit 
and a 1000 volt alternating lighting circuit, from the 
Cambridge Electric Light Company, are available for 
power, lighting, and experimental work. 

Tlie Instrument Room contains a large variety of port- 
able measuring instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, 
and wattmeters ; one pair of Weston laboratory standard 
instruments, used as secondary standards for the rapid 
calibration of ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters ; 
electro-dynamometers ; Kelvin composite balance and 



76 



electrostatic voltmeters ; and apparatus for resistance 
measurements. 

The Storage Battery Room contains oue battery of 
thirteen 2 50- ampere-hour cells, one battery of 104 30- 
ampere-hour cells, besides a considerable number of port- 
able cells of various sizes. The 30-ampere-hour cells are 
connected to a 105-point switch, so arranged that any 
number of the 104 cells may be connected by means of 
a pair of push buttons in the instrument room to the volt- 
meter calibrating circuit which leads into the latter place. 

The Arc Lamp Room contains a variety of open and 
closed arc lamps for direct and alternating currents. 

The Photometer Room contains a five-meter photometer 
of the Reichsanstalt pattern, with Lummer-Brodhun screen 
and accessories for the photometry of arc and incan- 
descent lamps. 

This room also contains a ballistic set for the measure- 
ment of the magnetic properties of iron and the magnetic 
leakage of dynamos, and a complete set of cable testing 
apparatus. 

Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. — 
Two rooms in the east wing of the Lawrence Scientiffc 
School are devoted to instruction in physiology and 
hygiene. 

The laboratory on the first floor is devoted to instruction 
in human physiology and lrygiene and to the investigation 
of problems in hygiene and the physiology of exercise. 
It is fitted with tables, which can be used for chemical 
work and for experiments with physiological apparatus. 
One end of the room is fitted up as a work-shop, with 
screw-cutting lathe, and the necessary metal and wood- 
working tools for the construction of apparatus. Most 



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THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL BUILDING. 




THE ROGERS BUILDING. 



of the apparatus of the laboratory for use in demonstra- 
tion, class instruction, and investigation is devised and 
made to adapt it to the needs of the work. The labor- 
atory contains a collection of physiological apparatus 
and appliances for hygenic investigation, and apparatus 
and reagents for physiological and hygenic chemistry ; 
there is, also, a collection of about a thousand photo- 
graphs and lantern slides, together with charts, maps, 
and specimens. 

The laboratory on the second floor contains a working 
library and a card catalogue, a hood for chemical work, 
chemical apparatus, and reagents for special work in 
hygiene and physiological chemistry, analytical balances, 
histological apparatus, reagents and preparations, incu- 
bator, sterilizer, and other apparatus for bacteriological 
work. Here, too, is new apparatus for the study of the 
physiology of exercise, and apparatus for the use of stu- 
dents in courses in physiology. 

The Rogers Building, known as the Old Gynasium, 
was built in 1860 at a cost of $9,500, $8,000 of which 
was given anonymously by a graduate of the University. 
After the death of the donor his name was made known : 
he was Henry Bromfield Rogers, of the Class of 1822. 
At first used as a gymnasium, the building was, after the 
erection of the Hemenway Gymnasium, used as a store- 
house ; but in 1894 it was remodelled, and has since been 
occupied by the Scientific School. 

Engineering Laboratory. — This laboratory is occupied 
entirely with machinery, — apparatus and instruments for- 
giving instruction in the measurement of those quantities 
with which the engineer has to deal in the investigation 



79 



of the properties of materials and the efficiencies of ma- 
chines and prime movers. 

The Steam Engineering plant includes a Manning 
boiler with feed water heater, several small steam en- 
gines, a Wheeler condenser, a steam-driven Sturtevant 
blower, available for forced draught, a Westinghouse air 
compressor, and the necessary complement of instruments,, 
such as pressure gauges, indicators, brakes, steam calori- 
meters, fuel calorimeters, and apparatus for the analysis 
of coal and of flue gases, the last including an " econo- 
meter" which gives a continuous indication of the com- 
position of "the gases. An air thermometer, a gauge tester „ 
and an indicator calibrating apparatus are available for 
purposes of standardisation. The heat engine equipment 
includes two gas engines, (one of which is convertible 
into a gasoline engine), air and gas meters, gas calori- 
meter, special indicators, Hempel gas analysis apparatus, 
and other instruments. 

For Testing Materials the laboratory contains a 200,000 
pound Olsen autographic machine capable of testing a 
4 foot tension or compression piece, and a 20 foot beam ; 
a 60,000 pound Tieble machine ; Keep's cast iron testing 
machines ; a cement testing machine with its accessories ; 
and a number of extensometers, micrometers, and the like. 

The Testing of Road Materials is carried on in a 
small room adjoining the main laboratory and equipped 
with a Duval abrasion test machine, and a special impact 
machine. 

The Hydraulic Plant includes a duplex Blake pump of 
capacity of 1000 gallons per minute, supplying water to 
a closed steel tank or stand-pipe 5 feet in diameter and 
25 feet high. Any head up to about 300 feet is obtained 



80 



in the stand-pipe by compressing air above the water, is 
kept constant by means of a variable overflow, and is 
measured by a mercury column. The discharge from the 
stand-pipe takes place through an opening to which an 
orifice, nozzle, or Pelton wheel or other turbine can be 
connected. Thence the water falls into a large weir tank 
with adjustable weir, over which it goes to two cast iron 
weighing tanks, each of about 6000 pounds capacity, and 
is then discharged into the cistern, which is also the sup- 
ply well for the pump. 

The laborator} 7 contains, further, a machine for investi- 
gating the transmission of power by ropes or belts, 
Thurston's lubricant tester, Emerson's power scales, and 
other apparatus. 

The Architectural Building, on the south side 
of Jarvis Street, on Holmes Field, contains two drawing 
rooms, a small lecture room, and a small library. The 
library has 3360 photographs, selected to illustrate the 
architectural history of the important European countries, 
and 180 volumes, largely folios. The plates of many of 
the volumes have been taken out of their bindings and 
mounted on cards so that they may more easily be con- 
sulted and so that different plates from the same volume 
may be used simultaneously. They are kept in cases 
like the photographs. On the walls of the drawing 
rooms are hung 72 casts, illustrating the classic orders 
and some of the best detail of Greek, Roman,. Gothic, 
and Renaissance work. Of these the more important 
are architectural details from the Parthenon, the Erech- 
theion and the Monument of Lysicrates at Athens ; the 
order of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, table stand 




THE CAREY BUILDING. 




WALTER HASTINGS HAL! 



82 



from the house of Cornelias Rufus, Pompeii; friezes 
from the Lateral! Museum ; capitals from the church 
of St. Laumer at Blois and from the triforium of the 
cathedral of Laon, and several pilasters and friezes of 
the early Italian Renaissance. 

The trustees of the Rotch Travelling Scholarship have 
lent to the department a number of the envois of scholars, 
carefully and beautifully rendered measured drawings 
of important European buildings. The Ph-echtheion at 
Athens, the Theatre of Mnrcellus and the Temple of Con- 
cord at Rome, the Baptistery at Ravenna, the Ducal 
Palace at Venice, the Pazzi Chapel at Florence, the 
Ospedale del Ceppo at Pistoja, the Municipio at Brescia, 
the gardens of the villa Lante at Bagnaia, the villa of 
Pope Julius at Rome, the chateaux of Blois and Chenon- 
ceaux are among the buildings illustrated in this way. 
Examples of the work of advanced students at the Ecole 
des Beaux- Arts at Paris and of students in the department 
are also hung upon the walls. 

The Carey Building, built in 1890-91 at a cost of 
$38,000, was the gift of Henry Reginald Astor Carey. 
When, in 1898, athletic sports were transferred to the 
Soldiers' Field, this building was devoted to other uses 
of the University ; and the President and Fellows placed 
in the Athletic Building on the Soldiers' Field a tablet 
commemorating the gift of Mr. Carey. 

Walter Hastings Hall, the gift of Mr. Walter 
Hastings, of Boston, whose ancestors in direct line for 
three generations were alumni of the University, was 
built in 1888-90 at a cost of about $250,000. It con- 
tains 61 suites of rooms. 



83 

The Jefferson Physical Laboratory. — In 1881, 
Thomas Jefferson Goolidge, of Boston, of the Class of 
1850, gave $115,000 to the College for a new physical 
laboratory, on condition that 875,000 should be raised 
by subscription and the income appropriated to its sup- 
port. The building Avas finished in October, 1884, and 
was named the Jefferson Physical Laboratory. All the 
instruction in physics, by recitations, lectures, and ex- 
perimental work, to students of Harvard College, of the 
Lawrence Scientific School, and of the Graduate School, 
is given in this building, which accommodates the various 
physical cabinets. The building is 200 feet long and, 
including the basement, four stories high. In the eastern 
wing the whole height is divided between a large lecture- 
room below, capable of holding 400 students, and the 
great laboratory above. In the central and western 
portions of the building are three recitation rooms for 
sections of forty or less ; but the principal part of the 
central and western portions is broken up into a large 
number of small rooms, where professors, assistants, 
and advanced students can pursue their separate investi- 
gations, and be secured against intrusion, or any disturb- 
ance of their instruments. Each room may be reached 
from a central corridor or hall. Provision is also made 
for connecting rooms or separating them. In the base- 
ment and the first story, stone tables, each supported by 
a pier which is separated by air spaces from the floors, 
furnish stable foundation for delicate instruments. In- 
struments, moreover, can be placed on the walls of a 
large rectangular tower standing on an independent 
foundation. This tower rises inside the building and is 
separated from the main Avails of it by a large air space. 



84 



It does not extend to the roof, and is therefore free 
from disturbances produced by the movements inside 
the building and from possible vibrations resulting from 
gusts of wind. 

This tower constitutes a pier of large section nearly 60 
feet in height, and more or less stable positions for instru- 
ments can therefore be obtained on each story. It is de- 
signed for investigations which demand a great height, 
the different floors opening to each other by trap doors. 
Small openings have been left in the brick partitions 
which divide the length of the building ; by means of 
these a long path is available for experiments in which 
this arrangement may be necessary. In the western wing, 
iron nails and pipes, which would disturb delicate experi- 
ments in magnetism, were excluded in the construction of 
the building. All steam pipes here are made of brass, 
and copper nails are used in the flooring. In the bottom 
of the tower is a small underground room which may be 
used for exerpiments requiring a constant temperature. 

A room is devoted to apparatus designed for the more 
accurate standard measurements. 

A comparator for the measurement and comparison of 
standards of length occupies a room in the basement of 
the building. 

The photographic room is on the fourth floor ; adjoin- 
ing this is a large room especially arranged for spectrum 
analysis. There are four principal laboratories. One of 
these, 60 feet square, is devoted to elementary laboratory 
instruction. The laboratories for instruction in static 
and steady current electricity and in optics are on the 
second and third floors. The laboratory for work in 
magnetism and alternating currents is in the basement. 




THE JEFFERSOX PHYSICAL LABORATORY. 




THE HEMEXWAY GYMNASIUM. 



86 



A machine room is supplied with power from the city cir- 
cuit. In this room are a milling machine, a large machine 
lathe, a smaller lathe, and other mechanical appliances 
for the construction of apparatus. The machine room is 
under the charge of a skilled mechanician . Power can 
also be obtained from a twenty-five-horse-power engine 
which is placed in a house outside of the Laboratory. 

Much space is devoted to a physical cabinet. Here 
can be seen a Motional electric machine, ordered for the 
College by Benjamin Franklin, a large reflecting telescope, 
an astronomical quadrant and other apparatus used by 
John Winthrop, second Mollis Professor from 1738 to 
1779. The cabinet contains also other pieces of apparatus 
which possess an historical interest. 

The most prominent feature, however, of the Jefferson 
Physical Laboratory is not its collection of apparatus, 
but its arrangement of space for scientific investiga- 
tion, and its plant for the construction of new appara- 
tus to meet the demands of the future. 

The Hemenway Gymnasium, built and equipped 
in 1878, was the gift of Augustus Hemenway, of Boston, 
of the Class of 1875. When, on account of the increased 
number of students in the University, the Gymnasium 
failed to meet completely the needs of tbe students, 
Mr. Hemenwajr, in 1895, made an extensive addition 
to the building, affording an increased floor area of 
15,000 square feet. The main hall on the first floor is 
equipped with light and heavy gymnastic apparatus and 
modern developing appliances. A gallery surrounding 
the hall is fitted as a running track. On the second floor 
is the trophy room, containing souvenirs of athletic con- 



87 



tests, a rowing room, the Director's office, and rooms for 
measuring, photographing, etc. The staircase hall is 
hung with portraits of athletes. In the basement are 
bowling alleys, hand-ball courts, and rooms for fencing, 
sparring, wrestling, and other exercises. In the east end 
of the building are the locker,' the bathing, and the dress- 
ing rooms, accommodating 2500 students. In the rear is 
au area covered with asphalt. This is enclosed by a high 
fence, and affords facilities for practising hand-ball, and 
other gymnastic games and exercises. 

Conant Hall, the gift of Edwin Conant, of Worcester, 
of the Class of 1829, was built in 1893-95 at a cost of 
about $109,000. It contains 45 suites of rooms, and 
three single rooms. 

Mr. Conant was a benefactor of other departments of 
the University, giving $5,000 to the Divinity School and 
$27,500 to the College Library. 

Perkins Hall, the gift of Mrs. Catharine P. Perkins, 
of Boston, was built in 1893-95 at a cost of about 
$160,000. It contains 88 suites of rooms. 

It was erected in memory of three members of her 
husband's family, the Reverend Daniel Perkins, Richard 
Perkins, and William Foster Perkins, all alumni of the 
University. 

The University Museum. — Louis Agassiz, when 
he was first appointed to a professorship in the Univer- 
sity, started a collection of zoological specimens, and 
made clear the need of a building for housing this collec- 
tion. In 1858 Francis Galley Gray, of Boston, of the 




COXAXT HALL. 




PERKINS HALL. 



89 

Class of 1809, left $50,000 for a Museum of Zoology, 
giving his nephew, William Gray, the option of be- 
stowing the fund upon Harvard University. He gave it 
to the University, and it was supplemented by §100, 000 
voted by the Legislature, and by $71,000 subscribed by 
private citizens of Boston. Mr. Henry Greenough, of 
Cambridge, and Mr. George Snell, of Boston, volunteered 
to make a plan for the museum building, and produced 
a design large enough to meet all demands for space for 
a long time. There was to be a main building with two 
wings. At first only about two-fifths of one of the wings 
was erected ; this was completed in 1860. Professor 
Agassiz himself dug the first spadeful of earth. In 1868 
the Legislature voted $25,000 a year for three years, on 
condition that as much more should be raised from pri- 
vate sources. This was done, and in 1871-72 the capa- 
city of the building was more than doubled. In 1877 
the wing was completed; and in 1880-82 the northwest 
corner of the main building, which now contains the 
library and the laboratories, was erected by Alexander 
Agassiz, of the Class of 1855, in memory of his father. 
A slate tablet in the hall bears this inscription : — 

. LVD o VICT • 

AGASSIZ • 
PATRI • FILIUS • 

ALEXANDER • 
3ID • CCC ■ LXXX • 

In 1888-89 the middle portion of the main building, de- 
voted to the Departments of Botany and Mineralogy, 
was added, so that now only the southwestern corner and 
the western portion of the wing of which the Peabody 



90 



Museum is a part are needed to complete the structure 
originally planned by Messrs. Greenough and Snell. 

The Museum is largely dependent for support on the 
Memorial Fund, part of which was raised by school chil- 
dren throughout the country, whose interest in natural 
history had been awakened by the labors of Agassiz. 

The University Museum comprehends the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology, the Botanical Museum, the Miner- 
alogical Museum, the Natural History Laboratories, and 
the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and 
Ethnology. The Semitic Museum is for the present 
placed in the building of the Peabody Museum. 

The entrance to the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
and the Peabody Museum is from Divinity Avenue. The 
Natural History Laboratories and the Botanical and Min- 
eralogical Museums are entered from Oxford Street. 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology consists of the 
north wing of the University quadrangle (60x200 feet). 
The Natural History Laboratories are in the northwest 
corner piece of the same quadrangle (95x75), and in 
the adjoining sections of the central part of the Oxford 
Street side of the University Museum. 

The Botanical Museum occupies the central section of 
the University Museum, together with one-third of the 
southern sections. 

The Mineralogical Museum occupies a part of the 
southern section of the Oxford Street side of the building. 

The library of the Museum, which contains more than 
32,000 volumes, is on the second floor. It is intended 
for the use of instructors and students in the Department 
of Natural History. The reading room is open from 
9 a.m. till 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 



92 



The southwest corner piece will contain large lecture 
rooms and laboratories for the Department of Natural 
History, and its exhibition rooms will connect the Oxford 
Street side of the Museum with the Peabody Museum, 
which, when completed, will form the south wing of the 
University Museum building. 

The location of the various collections of the Museum, 
of the laboratories, a brief description of which is ap- 
pended, and of the rooms of officers and instructors is 
indicated on the diagrams of the various floors which will 
be found in the succeeding pages. Heavy-faced t}^pe 
indicates that the room or the collection is open to the 
inspection of the public. The numbers on the diagrams 
are arbitrary and do not correspond with the numbers 
on the various rooms. Reference to the diagrams will, 
however, show the relative positions of the rooms. 

In general the Museums are open as follows : — 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Botanical 
Museum are open every week-day from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m., 
and on Sunday from 1 p.m till 5 p.m. 

The exhibition room of the Mineralogical Museum is 
open Wednesda3 T and Sunday from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m., and 
Saturday from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. 

The Peabody Museum is open from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. 
throughout the year, Sundays and holidays excepted. 



93 



1. Alcoholic Mammals, Birds, and 

Mollusca. — Storage. 

2. Alcoholic Crustacea. — Storage. 

3. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

4. Alcoholic Radiates. — Storage. 
4a— k;. Alcoholic Worms. — Stor- 
age. 

5. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

6. Alcohol room. 

7. Storage. 

la. Glassware. — Storage. 




8. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

9. Alcoholic Reptiles and Am- 

phibia. — Storage. 

10. Storage. 

11. Fishes, Reptiles, Amphibia. 

Assistants 

12. "Workshop. — Janitor. 

13. Boilers. 

14. Aquarium. 

15. Vivarium. 

16. Coal. 

17. Geology. — Workshop. 
1 la . Geology. — Models. 
lib. Photography. 
18— 18«. Geology. — Workshops. 
19-20. Botanical storerooms. 

21. Nash Botanical Lecture 
Room . 

21rt. Botanical Photographic 
Room. 

22. Botanical Diagram Room. 

23. Janitor's Room. 

24. Collection of Fossil Plants. 

25. 25a. Rooms for Mineral 
Analysis. 

26. Alcohol Room. 

27. Assav Laboratory. 



BASE.YIEXT. 



91 



land3. Tertiary Collections. 
2. Cretaceous and. Jurassic 
Collections. 

4. Paleozoic Collections. 

5. Synoptic Collections. 




Hall. 
Office. 
11. Fossil Invertebrates. — 

Storage. Assistant. 
. Geological Lecture Room. 
. Hall. 
. Geological Lecture Room 

and Laboratory. 
. Professor of Geology. 
. Geological Lecture Room. 
-20. Laboratory of Economic 

Botany. 
. Xash Botanical Lecture 

Room. 
, 23. Exhibition of 

Cryptogams. 
. Mineralogical Lecture 

Room. 
. Mineralogical Laboratory. 
" Library. 

" Laboratory. 



FIRST FLOOR. 



95 



1-4. Entomology. Assistant. 
5. Special Collections. 
(5. Hall. 
7. Office. 
8-12. Library. 
13. Hall. 



E 



to 



f£ 



P 



5 



/3 



:k 



i* 



15 



L 



16 



14. Library. 

15. Curator. 

16. Curator. 

17. Zoological Laboratory. 

18. Assistants in Department of 

Zoology. 

19. Laboratory of Vegetable 

Physiology. 

20. Laboratory of Vegetable 

Physiology. 

21. Laboratory of Elementary 

Botany. 

22. Library of Department of 

Botany. 

23. Men's Lavatory. 

24. Laboratory of Elementary 

Botany. 

25. Laboratory for Optical Min- 

eralogy. 

26. Room for Special Students 

of Vegetable Histology 
and Physiology. 

27. Professor's Eoom. 



-J— + 

H 



u 



1 ■ 1 c 



SECOND FLOOR. 



96 



1. Fishes. — Systematic Col- 

lection. 

2. Mollusca. — Systematic 

Collection. 

3. Birds. — Systematic Collec- 

tion. 

4. Radiates. — Systematic 

Collection. 




■7. Mammalia.— Systematic 
Collection. 

South American Fauna. 

North American Fauna. 

Indo-Asiatic Fauna. 

African Fauna. 

Europo-Siberian Fauna. 

Hall. 

Atlantic Fauna. 

Pacific Fauna. 

Special Collections 
(Scott Collection of 
Birds). 

Special Collections. 

Exhibition Room of 
Economic Plants and 
Collection of Woods. 
Botanical Museum, in- 
cluding Blaschka Glass 
Models of Flowering 
Plants. 

Mineralogical Mu- 
seum. 



21 



2.427 



IfBfU— 



THIRD FLOOR. 



97 



1. Crustacea, Insects and 

Worms. — Systematic 
Collections. 

2. Mollusca. — Systematic 

Collections. 

3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 

— Systematic Collections. 

4. Echinoderms and Coe- 

lenterates. — Systematic 
Collections. 
5-7. Reptiles. — Systematic 
Collections. 



9. 
10. 
11. 




8. Australian, New Guinea 
and New Zealand 
Fauna. 

North American Fauna. 

Indo-Asiatic Fauna. 

African and Madagas- 
can Fauna. 

12. Zoological Laboratory. 

13. Hall. 

14. Zoological Laboratory and 

Lecture Eoom. 

15. Zoological Laboratory. 

16. Professor's Room. 

17-18. Physical Geography Labo- 
ratory and Lecture Room. 

19. Laboratory of Systematic 
Botany. 

20. Phanerogamic Herbarium and 
Work Room. 

21. Exhibition of Photo- 
graphs to illustrate 
Vegetation of the 
World. 

22. Professor's Room. 

23. Room of Assistant in Miner- 
alogy. 

24-27. Mineralogical Mu- 
seum and Collection 
of Meteorites. 



21 



FOURTH FLOOR. 



98 



1 and 3. Fossil Vertebrates. ■ — 
Mammals, Birds, Reptiles 
and Amphibia. 

2. Fossil Vertebrates. — Assistant 
inVertebrate Paleontology. 

4. Fossil Vertebrates. — Fishes. 

5-7 . Mammals and Birds . — Stor- 
age. 

8-10. Mammal Skeletons. — 
Storage. 

9-11. Mammal and Bird Skins. 
— Storage. 




Reptiles, Amphibia and Fishes. 
— Storage. 

Hall. 

Zoological Lecture Room and 
Laboratory. 

Radiates. — Storage. Assistant. 

Zoological Laboratory. 
-18. Mollusca and Crustacea. — 
Storage. Assistant. 

Work Room of Assistant in 
Cryptogamic Herbarium. 

Cryptogamic Herbarium. 

Investigators' Rooms and 
Storeroom of Cryptogams. 

Room of Collection of New 
England Botanical Club. 

Professor's Room. 

Laboratory of Cryptogamic 
Botany and of Advanced 
Students in Cryptogamic 
Botany. 

Laboratory of Cryptogamic 
Botany. 

Professor's Room. 

Room of Assistants in Cryp- 
togamic Laboratory and 
Advanced Students. 






£S 



'Mil 



M 



FIFTH FLOOR. 



99 

The Laboratory of Geology is on the first floor of the 
Museum. The larger part of this room is devoted to 
instruction in elementary general geology. Here are 
collections of rocks and specimens illustrating dynamic 
geology, and additional materials for teaching in the 
form of maps and models. The objects worthy of special 
note by the visitor are the model of Etna by Deckert, 
after Baron von Waltershausen's map of that volcano, a 
model of the Dents du Midi, Tour Sallieres and Mont 
Euan, Canton Valais, Switzerland, geologically colored 
after directions by Hein and Frtih, and a case of the 
type specimens described in the writings of officers and 
students of the Department of Geology. 

On this floor are the private office of the Professor of 
Geology, the lecture room of the Sturgis Hooper Pro- 
fessor of Geology, and the geological lecture room, which 
has a seating capacity of 298. 

Laboratory of Experimental Geology. — Two rooms in 
the basement of the Museum are equipped as a labora- 
tory of experimental geology. Most of the apparatus 
now in stock is the product of experimental research by 
advanced students. The object of such research is in 
some cases the precise interpretation of dynamic processes 
and the structures resulting therefrom; in other cases 
only the suggestive illustration, in miniature, of the 
unseen processes of geology. Apparatus is provided 
to imitate the deformation of the stratified rocks, the 
action of springs and geysers, the deposition of deltas, 
the formation of ripplemark, the crystallization of vol- 
canic rocks, the motion of ice, and the formation of 
joints. The.large compression chest of oak, with opposed 
thrust pistons, indices, and a movable bottom, is used 



100 



for deforming under pressure wax models cast to imitate 
various possible conditions of stratification. The gas 
blast furnace is used for synthetic experiments, and is 
provided with an automatic self-extinguishing appliance 
for safety against accidents by fire. The electric furnace 
is designed for the reproduction of Moissan's experiments. 
Projection lanterns, with devices for vertical as well as 
horizontal projection, are used in combination with glass 
tanks of different shapes, to show the action of currents 
in transporting and depositing sediment. 

Laboratories of Mineralogy and Petrography. — The 
basement of the Museum contains a chemical labora- 
tory, completely equipped for mineral and rock analysis, 
for the use of instructors and advanced students engaged 
in research. The workshop for slicing, grinding, and 
polishing rocks and minerals is at present in the base 
ment of the next section of the Museum, and is equipped 
with a number of the necessary machines, run by electric 
power. 

Of the four rooms on the first floor, one is the 
mineralogical lecture room and laboratory for elemen- 
tary crystallography and for petrography. It is equipped 
with microscopes and other apparatus, including the elec- 
tric light for illustrating lectures hy the stereopticon and 
projecting microscope. Large collections of rocks and 
the corresponding thin sections are kept here for students' 
use and investigation, and also the material for the 
elementary study of crystallography, comprising glass 
and wooden models and over 1000 natural crystals. 

The second room of equal size is the laboratory for 
determinative mineralogy, fitted with tiled tables and 
cement floor, containing 100 blow-pipe sets, the students' 



101 



reference collection of minerals, comprising about 2000 
specimens fully labelled, the review sets of about 2000 
specimens unlabelled, the study collection of about 3600 
specimens, and a large stock of material for replenishing 
the study drawers. 

Of the two smaller rooms, one is the library, containing 
the principal periodicals and independent works (about 
700 books), and the other a smaller laboratory, used for 
Rad cliff e students in mineralogy and for advanced work ; 
it contains large collections of rocks. 

The laboratory for advanced work, on the second floor, 
contains the goniometers and other apparatus for crystal- 
lography and optical mineralogy and the ' ' Scientific " 
collection of minerals for use in investigation (about 4000 
specimens), and rock collections. 

The rock collections contained in the various rooms 
of the Museum are extensive, comprising the Whitney 
and the Brooks collections, various European and local 
collections, and material collected by individuals or ex- 
peditions in various parts of the world. The thin sec- 
tions run high into the thousands, including 100 from 
meteorites. 

The total number of mineral specimens in the exhibition 
rooms is about 10,000, exclusive of the meteorites; the 
minerals worth enumerating in the other collections bring 
the total up to about 23,000. 

The more important part of the mineralogical collec- 
tions of the University is exhibited on the third and the 
fourth floors, although a large amount of duplicate 
material and of specimens less suitable for exhibition is 
contained in the collection on the second floor and in the 
collections used for teaching on the first floor. 



102 



Laboratory of Palaeontology. — Instruction in palaeon- 
tology is given in Room 2 of the University Museum. 
Here are kept the collections, the diagrams, and a few of 
the more important reference books required by students. 
The collection used in teaching general palaeontology is 
arranged systematically, and is contained in trays in twelve 
wall cases on the east side of the room. The collection 
used in teaching historical geology is arranged strati- 
graphically, and is contained in trays in table or desk 
cases in the north end of the room. These collections 
are freely accessible to students. Besides collections in 
the laboratory, students can consult the fossils on exhibi- 
tion in the Museum, where they are arranged either in 
the systematic series or in rooms especially devoted to 
palaeontology. 

The Laboratories of Geography are on the fourth floor 
of the University Museum. They are devoted to the 
needs of the various classes in physical geography and 
meteorology, with special reference to laboratory exer- 
cises. The lecture room on the first floor is used for 
general meetings with larger classes. The equipment 
of the laboratories, chiefly within the last ten years, has 
been planned with a view to furnishing material for indi- 
vidual study in geography, comparable to that afforded 
in zoology and botany in the other laboratories of the 
Museum. It includes a variety of maps, charts, models, 
diagrams, photographs, and lantern slides. Special men- 
tion may be made of the collection of large-scale grouped 
map-sheets, illustrating districts of peculiar interest in 
this country and abroad. These are supplemented by a 
collection of the topographical maps of the United States 
governmental surveys and of nearly all the European 



103 



surveys, in the College Library. The collection of models 
includes four of type forms by Heim, Pomba's Italy on a 
true curved surface, the Upper Moselle by the Geographi- 
cal Service of the French Army, Southern New England 
by Howell, the Gulf of Mexico by the United States 
Hydrographic Office, as well as the first three numbers 
of a series to be kuown as the "Harvard Geographical 
Models," designed with special reference to systematic 
instruction in secondary schools. 

Materials for instruction in meteorology and climatol- 
ogy include a full set of weather maps from the United 
States Signal Service and Weather Bureau, pilot charts 
of the North Atlantic and North Pacific from the United 
States Hydrographic Office, as well as a large number 
of meteorological charts and diagrams from different 
sources, and a number of official British, German, and 
French publications. These are supplemented by an 
extensive collection of climatological reports from all 
parts of the world in the library of the Astronomical 
Observatory. 

Laboratories of Zoology. — The laboratories and lecture 
rooms of the Department of Zoology are in the northwest 
corner of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and may 
be reached from the steps in the northwest corner of 
the Museum quadrangle, off Divinity Avenue, or from the 
north entrance to the Museum on Oxford Street. The 
present quarters were first occupied in 1885. On 
the fifth floor is a lecture room seating about 200 
persons ; it is used for elementary laboratory exercises 
as well as for lectures. The walls are decorated with 
busts and portraits of distinguished zoologists. On 
this floor there is also a - small laboratory, furnished 



104 



with modern apparatus and a reference library, for the 
use of students in Radcliffe College. On the fourth floor 
are three laboratories and the private room of the 
Hersey Professor of Anatomy. Cases in the hall are 
occupied by material used in lectures and demonstra- 
tions on invertebrates. The corner room (3) is used 
as a laboratory, and as a lecture room for classes not 
exceeding 50 in number. Courses on the morphology of 
invertebrates and on the comparative anatomy of verte- 
brates are given in this room. Here are lodged the 
osteological and other anatomical preparations for use 
in lectures and demonstrations on vertebrates, a large 
proportion of the 1700 diagrams, and a portion of the 
microscopes and the reference books belonging to the 
department. The room is furnished with an injecting 
table and the necessary apparatus for the injection and 
preparation of material, in addition to the students' work 
tables. The Zoological Club usually meets in this room. 
The adjacent room (2) is used by students in courses 
on microscopical anatomy and technique and on em- 
bryology. In cases in this room is stored much 
of the apparatus, such as microscopes, microtomes, 
incubators, wax plate and modelling apparatus, wax 
models (the woik of students), projection apparatus, 
cameras, etc. This room, as well as most of the other 
laboratories, is provided with a water bath for imbedding 
in paraffin, with automatic regulator and the Koch safety 
gas burners. 

Room 4 on this floor accommodates a portion of the 
students engaged in research. Most of the chemicals are 
stored in this room, and to save the time of workers 
there is an alphabetic index indicating the place of all 



105 



the articles (except diagrams and preparations) in the 
department. A map of the vicinity of Cambridge, min- 
utely ruled, together with a card catalogue of New Eng- 
land localities in which particular animals are to be 
found, aids the student in familiarizing himself with 
the surrounding fauna, both land and marine, and in 
securing the material necessary for his investigations. 
Room 6 is used by the instructors in the department 
as a private work room. 

In addition to the library of the Museum there is a 
departmental library of about 300 volumes of works 
much consulted, such as Brown's "Thierreich" and the 
more expensive Manuals ; these are distributed through 
the zoological laboratories where most needed. 

The instruction in palaeozoology is given in the 
laboratory of the Department of Geology on the first 
floor, room 2, which is supplied with material for class 
work and with numerous charts, diagrams, and models. 

The zoological collections of the Museum are close at 
hand and readily consulted in the exhibition rooms. 

In the basement are two large rooms, one of which is 
partially fitted as an aquarium. In it experimental work 
has been done. The other is to be equipped as a 
vivarium . 

All the floors having zoological laboratories are con- 
nected with each other by telephone. 

Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanerogamic, and Eco- 
nomic Botany. — The Department of Botany of the Uni- 
versity occupies the rooms in the basement, the central part, 
and the adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except 
the rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In 
the basement are storerooms and rooms for photography. 



106 



On the first floor are the Nash Botanical Lecture Room, 
built with the gift of Nathaniel Cushing Nash, of the 
Class of 1884, in memory of his father; the laboratory of 
economic botany ; and the exhibition cases of cryptogams. 
On the second floor, room 10 contains the departmental 
library; rooms 11 and 11a are the laboratories of vege- 
table physiology and histology; rooms 12 and 13 are 
laboratories for elementary work ; in addition to these is 
a special room assigned to advanced students of physio- 
logical botauy. On the third floor and the gallery con- 
nected with it, are the halls devoted to the botanical 
museum. Here are the Blaschka glass models of flowers, 
the gift of Mrs. Charles Eliot Ware and her daughter, 
Miss Mary Ware, in memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of 
the Class of 1834. On the fourth floor, room 19 is the 
private room of the Fisher Professor of Natural History ; 
in room 20 is a working collection of native and exotic 
phanerogams; rooms 20a and 21a are used by students 
of systematic and economic botany. The rooms on the 
fifth floor are devoted to cryptogamic botany : room 25 
is used temporarily for the collection of the New England 
Botanical Club ; rooms 26 and 26a contain the Crypto- 
gamic Herbarium of the University, which includes col- 
lections of algae, fungi, and lichens ; room 27, is devoted 
to the use of special workers ; rooms 29 and 29a are 
laboratories for students of cryptogamic botany, the 
latter for advanced students ; room 29b is the laboratory 
of the assistants in cryptogamic botany ; room 29c is 
the private laboratory of the Assistant Professor of Cryp- 
togamic Botany ; room 30 is the private laboratory of the 
Professor of Cryptogamic Botany. 



107 

The Peabody Museum. — This museum was 
founded by George Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, 
who, in 1866, gave $150,000 for the foundation of a 
museum and a professorship of American archaeology 
and ethnology in connection with Harvard University. 
Mr. Peabody placed the fund in the charge of a board of 
trustees of which Robert Charles Winthrop, of the Class 
of 1828, was chairman until his death, in 1894. The first 
curator of the Museum was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class 
of 1833. At his death, in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam 
was appointed his successor. On January 1, 1897, the 
Trustees of the Museum transferred the property to the 
President and Fellows of Harvard College. 

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation 
in this country for special research relating to the early 
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how- 
ever, the Museum has, from time to time, been enriched 
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four 
permanent endowments have been made. 

The arrangements of the collections is intended to 
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special 
reference to American and comparative archaeology and 
ethnology. Here are kept material secured by explora- 
tions carried on by the curators, or under their direction, 
in various parts of America, and collections from Europe, 
secured by purchase in the early years of the Museum. 
These collections are used in the comparative study of 
the early works of man in different parts of the world. 

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is one 
half of the contemplated structure, which will form the 
south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is 
on Divinity Avenue. 



109 



In the room on the left of the entrance hall is the 
general office and Anthropological Library. The library 
contains about 1900 volumes and 2500 pamphlets on 
all branches of anthropology. The publications of the 
Museum are annual reports, special papers, and me- 
moirs. At the end of the entrance hall is the lecture- 
room, with a seating capacity of about 200. In cases 
around this hall are arranged the collections illustrating 
the life and customs of several tribes of North American 
Indians. The gallery above this hall is temporarily given 
to the Semitic Museum of the University. On the fifth 
floor is the students' laboratory and lecture room. On 
this floor, in the central hall and south room, is the oste- 
ological collection, used in the comparative study of 
human crania and skeletons. The other exhibition rooms 
are devoted to archaeological and enthnological material 
from America and other parts of the world arranged 
geographically. 

The Museum is in charge of the Curator and is open to 
the public, under proper restrictions, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., 
throughout the year, Sundays and holidays excepted. 

A special guide to the museum may be obtained at the 
office. 

The Semitic Museum. — The collections of the 
Museum occupy a gallery on the second floor of the 
Peabody Museum. They have been purchased by gifts 
of many friends, but chiefly by a gift of $10,000 made 
by Jacob H. Schiff, in 1889. Other friends have given 
individual objects or small collections of objects. The 
Harvard Divinity School has placed on deposit here a 
collection of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the 



110 



Honorable Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School will 
also place on deposit here a collection of Palestinean 
objects, gathered by Doctor Selah Merrill while consul 
at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the con- 
tributions of many friends. The Museum was formally 
opened on May 13, 1891. The total cost of the collections 
has been about $14,000. 

The objects already acquired are originals and repro- 
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon 
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on 
stone and on clay ; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes, 
and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill 
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins, 
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating 
modern peasant and Bedouin life ; from Egypt, a col- 
lection of mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic 
character, some of them about 1000 years old ; from 
various Semitic lands, many manuscripts, Arabic, 
Hebrew, and Aramaic. 

The reproductions are largely plaster casts of important 
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of 
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are from bas- 
reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals, 
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions 
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are 
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a 
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip- 
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of 
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from 
the Hebrews. There are likewise many photographs of 
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from 
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain. 



Ill 



THE BOTANIC GARDEN. 

This garden, situated at the corner of Garden and 
Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was established, at the 
beginning of the century, by a few gentlemen who en- 
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com- 
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first 
incumbent of the chair, William Dandridge Peck, of the 
Class of 1782, and, distinctly understanding that special 
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him 
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on. 
the continent, while they secured a lot of land for the 
purpose of a garden here. In 1807 Professor Peck laid 
out a portion of the seven acres at the corner of what are 
now known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following: 
as a model the formal lines of the smaller establishments. 
in England. This arrangement has not since been essen- 
tially changed in any manner. After Professor Peck's 
death the garden passed under the charge of Thomas 
Nuttall, and later of Thaddeus Harris, as curators, the 
funds having dwindled so much that it was no longer 
possible to assign the income to a full professorship. 
About 1842 the income of a newly established professor- 
ship, endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766, 
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray 
was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray's disposal for the 
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was 
supplemented by the expenditure of untiring energy. 
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native 
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the 
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest. 



112 



Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible 
to the public the rarer plants which have since become 
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he 
introduced some of the choicest novelties. 

In 1872, the garden was placed under the charge of 
the Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor Charles 
Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862. The distribution 
of species was changed, and many improvements which 
the poverty of the garden bad hitherto forbidden were 
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the 
charge of the present director, Professor George Lincoln 
Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since 1886. 

For inspection the garden may be conveniently divided 
into the area below the terrace and that on the upper 
level. Below the terrace the natural orders of flowering 
plants and the genera of ferns and their allies are arranged 
in formal beds, which are so disposed as to exhibit many 
of the affinites of the families. 

In various places below the terrace are special beds 
devoted to groups of plants of particular interest. Among 
these are plants mentioned to by Shakspere and by Vergil. 
One long bed contains a large number of the species 
described by Parkinson as cultivated for decorative pur- 
poses at the beginning of the seventeenth century ; these 
may fairly be said to represent the old-fashioned plants 
grown in " pleasure gardens" at the time the University 
was founded. Two groups which possess more than 
ordinary attractions to the casual visitor, the Australasian 
species and the desert plants, are near the Linnaean Street 
border. 

On the upper level are the large plots assigned to select 
North American species. Near these are the cultivated 



113 



forms of the rarer vegetables grown for the study of 
variation. 

The greenhouses are of the common composite type. 
Beginning on the left and passing towards the east are 
successively the succulents, the Australian, the Mexican 
and fern houses, the palm house and its attached hot 
house, filled with exotics demanding great heat. Behind 
this range, a long range is to be built, which will be 
largely devoted to economic plants and to plants under 
the hands of experimenters. This range will have a 
laboratory at its extreme western end. 

The Botanical Laboratories of the University are dis- 
tributed as follows : — At the Botanic Garden are the 
Gray Herbarium and the Botanical Library, and the 
Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology. In the University 
Museum are the Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanero- 
gamic, and Economic Botany. 

The Gray Herbarium. — The Gray Herbarium of 
Harvard University is situated in the Botanic Garden at 
the corner of Linnsean and Garden Streets, Cambridge. 
The collection, founded and largely developed by the late 
Professor Asa Gray, was given by him to the University 
in 1864. At that time the fire-proof brick building which 
it now occupies was built for the Herbarium through the 
liberality of Nathaniel Thayer. The collection, being 
the result of more than sixty years of continuous and 
carefully directed growth, contains over 250,000 sheets of 
mounted specimens, representing all groups of flowering 
plants, ferns, fern-allies, mosses, and hepatics. The 
fungi, algae, and lichens have now been wholly trans- 
ferred to the Cryptogamic Herbarium in the Botanical 



114 



Division of the University Museum. Among the many 
additions which have been made to the original collection 
of Professor Gray since its receipt by the University, the 
following have been the most important : the herbaria of 
Jacques Gay, G. Curling Joad, and John Ball, all rich in 
Old World types ; the herbarium of Dr. George Thurber, 
especially rich in critically identified grasses ; the moss 
collections of W. S. Sullivant and of Thomas P. James ; 
the hepatics from the herbarium of Thomas Taylor ; the 
general herbarium of William Boott, notable for its excel- 
lent representation of the difficult genus Car ex; the Com- 
positce from the herbarium of Dr. F. W. Klatt, specialist 
in that order. The Gray Herbarium, with which the 
above collections have been incorporated, is also rich in 
standard and rare phanerogamic exsiccati, in type speci- 
mens of new species and varieties, and in the possession 
of the greater part of the plants which have been criti- 
cally examined in the preparation of the "Synoptical 
Flora of North America." In the arrangement of the 
Herbarium the sequence of Engler & Prantl's " Natu'r- 
liche Pflanzenfamilien " is now followed. 

The Library of the Herbarium. — Together with his 
herbarium, Professor Gray gave to Harvard University, 
in 1864, his extensive botanical library. This nucleus of 
the Library of the Gray Herbarium was soon increased 
by a valuable collection of floras, contributed by John A. 
Lowell. Augmented also by lesser gifts and by pur- 
chases, the library now contains more than 12,000 
carefully selected volumes and pamphlets. 

Laboratory of a Vegetable Physiology. — This labora- 
tory occupies the brick building extending eastward from 
the Herbarium. The building also contains a lecture 



115 

room, having a seating capacity of 100. The present 
laboratory will be soon supplemented by a larger labora- 
tory in process of erection on the plateau in the rear. 

THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. 

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con- 
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison 
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was 
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively 
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from 
a permanent endowment of $780,000. Twenty-one men 
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations 
so far completed fill nearly 40 quarto volumes of an- 
nals. Discoveries made here are promptly announced 
by means of circulars which are issued, on an average, 
once a month. This Observatory, and that at Kiel, Ger- 
many, have been selected by international agreement as 
centres for the prompt distribution of astronomical dis- 
coveries. Discoveries are telegraphed to one of these 
centres, cabled from there to the other centre, and at 
once transmitted to the principal observatories and 
newspapers of Europe and America. The Library of 
the Observatory contains about 9000 astronomical and 
meteorological volumes, and 13,000 pamphlets. 

The principal objects of interest in the main building 
of the Observatory are the 15-inch equatorial telescope 
and attached photometers, the 8-inch meridian circle, 
the meridian photometer, the astronomical and meteoro- 
logical libraries, and the clock vaults. On the grounds are 
the domes containing the 11-inch Draper telescope, with 
apparatus for removing and replacing the large objective 



116 



prisms, the apparatus for photographing variable stars and 
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, and the pole star recorder 
for measuring the cloudiness at night ; the 15-inch Draper 
reflector for determining the exact position of the pole, 
and constants of precession, aberration, and mutation ; 
the 8-inch Draper doublet ; the 6-inch doublet for photo- 
graphing large portions of the sky ; the 12-inch horizontal 
telescope with photometer for measuring stars as faint 
as the thirteenth magnitude ; the transit photometer for 
photographing, every clear night, all stars brighter than 
the sixth magnitude between the north pole and declina- 
tion — 30°, crossing the meridian after dark. The labor- 
atory contains various electrical and mechanical devices, 
a commutator for controlling various telescopes, time 
signals for occupations, apparatus for enlargements, 
for standard lights, and for converting prismatic into 
normal spectra. The brick building contains nearly 
100,000 photographs taken partly in Cambridge, and 
partly at the southern station of the Observatory in 
Peru. Charts and spectra of all the stars from the 
north to the south pole are represented on these pho- 
tographs on many different nights, thus furnishing a 
complete history of the sky during the last ten years. 

Besides the station at Cambridge, the Observatory 
maintains an important station near Arequipa, Peru, 
where the southern stars are studied in the same way 
that the northern stars are studied in Cambridge. Every 
important investigation is thus rendered complete from 
pole to pole. The elevation of the Arequipa Station is 
8060 feet, and it was selected on account of its excep- 
tionally favorable atmospheric conditions. The principal 
instruments at this station are the Bruce photographic 



118 



telescope, a doublet of 24 inches aperture, with two 
objective prisms having the same apertures ; the Boyden 
telescope having an objective of 13 inches aperture, which 
can be used for either photographic or visual work by 
reversing the front lens (two objective prisms also accom- 
pany this instrument) ; the Bruce 11-inch telescope having 
a similar lens ; the Bache telescope having an 8-inch 
photographic doublet with two objective prisms ; numer- 
ous smaller instruments including a transit instrument, 
and a transit photometer, like that at Cambridge, which 
photographs similarly, as they cross the meridian, al 
bright stars between declination -f- 50° and the south 
pole. A series of meteorological stations, crossing the 
Andes, is also maintained, the most important being that 
on El Misti at an elevation of 19,200 feet. The other 
stations are Mejia (elevation 100), La Joya (4150), 
Arequipa (8060), Alto de la Huesos (13,300), Mt. 
Blanc Station on El Misti (15,600), Cuzco (11,000), 
and Echarati (3000). Continuous observations are main- 
tained at these stations by self-recording meteorological 
instruments, and are checked at the five lower stations 
by direct readings made three times a day. 

In 1885 a meteorological observatory was established 
on Blue Hill, 12 miles south of Cambridge, by Abbott 
Lawrence Rotch, and is maintained there at his expense. 
To avoid duplication of work a plan of cooperation pro- 
vides for the ultimate union of the two institutions, and 
the observations made on Blue Hill are published in the 
Annals of the Harvard Observatory. They will be found 
in Volumes XX, XXX, XL, and XLII. Later Blue Hill 
was taken by the Metropolitan Park Commissioners for a 
public park, but the land on which the Observatory is 



119 



built has been leased for 99 years to the President and 
Fellows of Harvard College. This will enable the work 
of the Observatory to continue under invariable conditions 
of exposure. Observations of the principal meteorologi- 
cal elements are made at the summit and the base of Blue 
Hill three times a day, and self-recording instruments 
also furnish a continuous record. Numerous meteoro- 
logical investigations have been undertaken. The first 
detailed measures of cloud heights and velocities made in 
this country were obtained at Blue Hill in 1890. For the 
exploration of the upper air, kites of various designs 
have been employed since 1894 by means of which self- 
recording instruments were carried to heights exceeding 
two miles. 

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. 

History. — The nucleus of the College Library was 
the little collection of 360 volumes, bequeathed by John 
Harvard in 1638. The Puritan scholar's library was 
naturally strongest in the theological and polemical works 
of the day, but it had a good number of classics, Aesop, 
Cicero, Epictetus, Juvenal, Horace, Isocrates, Lucan, 
Pliny, Plutarch, Plautus, Terence, and others, and some 
modern works of literature and history, such as Bacon's 
Advancement Essays, Chapman's Homer, Quarles's 
Poems, Camden's Remains. Of all these, however, there 
now remains but one volume, Downame's Christian War- 
fare; the rest were destroyed in the fire of 1764. 

The history of the library from that day to this is a 
record of generous gifts, great and small, from lovers of 
learning in this country and in England. Harvard's 



120 



bequest stirred the magistrates of the Colony to contri- 
bute books to the value of £200. Peter Bulkley, the min- 
ister settled in Concord, early gave 37 volumes ; Gov- 
ernor Winthrop gave 40 volumes ; Sir Kenelen Digby, in 
1658, Catholic and Royalist though he was, sent over 29 
volumes, probably out of friendship for Winthrop. During 
the first eighteen years of the College £150 was received 
from "divers gentlemen and merchants in England." 
The Reverend Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, dying in 1661, 
left all his Latin books and some English ones to the 
College. In 1675 Dr. John Lightfoot, an English divine, 
eminent for his Rabbinical learning, bequeathed his collec- 
tion of Oriental literature; and in 1678, Theophilus Gale, 
philologist, philosopher, and theologian, by the bequest 
of his library, more than doubled the collections already 
brought together. In 1682 Sergeant Maynard sent eight 
chests of books valued at £400. Beginning in 1719 
Thomas Hollis, his two brothers John and Nathaniel, the 
son and grandson of Nathaniel, both named Thomas, and 
Thomas Brand Hollis, whom the last Thomas Hollis made 
his heir, in succession devoted to the College an unremit- 
ting interest and generosity, which showed itself in the 
establishment of professorships and scholarships, in con- 
stant gifts of books for the library and of philosophical 
apparatus for scientific work, and ended only with the 
death of the last named in 1804. The elder Hollis, a 
strict Baptist but liberal minded, was pleased with the 
' ' free and catholic spirit of the Seminary " and during 
the last ten years of his life was constant in its service 
and constantly stirring the interest and appealing to the 
generosity of others. At the same time he did not hesi- 
tate to criticise the management of the library. He 



122 



writes : "You want seats to sit and read, and chains to 
your valuable books like our Bodleian Library, or Ziou 
College, in London. . . . You let your books be taken 
at pleasure, to men's houses, and many are lost ; your 
(boyish) students take them to their chambers, and tear 
out pictures and maps to adorn their walls. Such things 
are not good." He also criticised the President and 
Fellows for preferring to have Bayle's Dictionary and 
other works in English rather than in French : ' ' Our 
students, in London, who sincerely endeavor after knowl- 
edge, easily attain to read French," he writes. The last 
Thomas Hollis showed his interest in the College by 
donations of books before the fire of 1764, and after the 
fire immediately subscribed £200 for the purchase of 
books ; furthermore, in the course of the next six years, 
he sent hither 41 cases of books, and at his death, in 
1774, left a bequest of £500. 

When Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, the library 
was destroyed. This collection, amounting to about 5000 
volumes, was by far the most valuable in the country, 
and its loss was regarded as a public calamity. But so 
great was the general sense, both here and in England, 
of the importance of replacing it, so strenuous were the 
efforts of the Committees appointed by the Corporation 
and the Overseers, and so lively the interest of others on 
all sides, that the library soon surpassed its former size, 
and by 1790 it had increased to about 12,000 volumes. 
The long roll of donors for 1764 is printed in Quincy's 
History (ii. 485). Besides the gifts of Thomas Hollis, 
there were gifts from Governor Bernard (10 guineas and 
more than 300 volumes), from John Hancock (£554), 
from the province of New Hampshire (£300), from the 



123 

Archbishops of Canterbury and York, from George 
Whitefield, who also by his influence procured large 
numbers of books from others in England, and from the 
various societies for propagating the Gospel and promot- 
ing Christian knowledge. 

In June, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the 
Continental troops the library was removed to Andover, 
and in November of the same year a part of it was taken 
to Concord whither the College had been transferred. 
The students and the faculty returned to Cambridge in 
June, 1776, but it was not till May, 1778, that the books 
were restored to Harvard Hall. Here the library remained 
till the erection of Gore Hall in 1838, to which the Presi- 
dent and Fellows devoted a part of the bequest received 
from Governor Christopher Gore in 1829. It was sup- 
posed that this building would serve the needs of the 
library for the remainder of the century ; but in 1877 
enlargment was necessary, and the new east wing was 
built at an expense of $90,000. Twenty years later the 
collection had again outgrown its quarters and the reading- 
room was no longer sufficient for the greatly increased 
number of students that used it. The President and 
Fellows met the immediate need by remodelling old Gore 
Hall. In the lower half of the building a three-story 
stack, estimated to hold over 200,000 volumes, in place 
of the 80,000 shelved there before, was built ; the upper 
half was made into a reading room with seats for 218 
readers. This room is regarded simply as a temporary 
expedient ; when a new reading room can be built this 
will be converted into a stack like the floors below it.* 

* For reference to the printed and manuscript sources for the 
history of the College Library see "The Librarians of Harvard 



124 

Present Administration. — United in administration 
with the College Library in G-ore Hall, and together with 
it forming the University Library, are 11 departmental 
libraries and 23 smaller class room and laboratory libra- 
ries. The extent of the several collections in October, 
1897, was as follows : — 

Gore Hall (the College Library) 355,600 

Lawrence Scientific School 5,000 

Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) 3,600 

Phillips Library (Observatory) 8,600 

Herbarium Library (Botanic Garden) 7,300 

Law School 40,900 

Divinity School 27,500 

Medical School (Boston) 2,200 

Museum of Comparative Zoology 32,000 

Peabody Museum 1,800 

Arnold Arboretum 5,800 

Fogg Museum of Art 100 

Seven laboratory and sixteen class-room libraries 15,200 

505,600 

From 15,000 to 18,000 volumes are ordinarily added 
to the whole collection by gift and purchase each year. 

The annual income of the College Library for the 
purchase of books is about $15,000; the expenses of 
administration are about $43,000. 

The College Library in Gore Hall is open, during term 
time, every week-day (except holidays) from 9 a.m. to 
10 p.m., and on Sundays from 1 to 5.30 p.m. During 

College" by A. C. Potter and C. K. Bolton, published as No. 52 of 
the Bibliographical Contributions of the Library. The list of John 
Harvard's books and of other early gifts is printed in Mr. Andrew 
McF. Davis's "Pew notes concerning the records of Harvard Col- 
lege," Bibl. Contrib. No. 27. 



125 



the summer vacation the Library closes at 5.30 p.m. (at 
1 o'clock on Saturdays) and is not open on Sundays. 
The College Library is for the use of the whole Univer- 
sity, and books may be borrowed by students (three 
volumes at a time), and by instructors and other officers. 
All other persons are free to consult books in the library, 
and under certain conditions receive permission to borrow. 
Professors from other colleges are always welcome. Books 
are also lent to other libraries when they can be spared 
without injury to work going on in Cambridge. 

Officers of the University have direct access to the 
shelves in all parts of the library, and students engaged 
in advanced work are allowed access to those parts of 
the collection with which they are occupied. All stu- 
dents have the direct use of about 19,000 volumes in the 
reading room and the adjoining rooms. Of these, 3600 
are bound periodicals, 3800 miscellaneous reference 
books, 3400 government documents, and about 8000 are 
books withdrawn from general circulation at the request 
of instructors and ' ' reserved " on shelves in the reading- 
room for use in connection with the courses of instruction. 

The Books of the Library. — No complete statement 
of the strength of the library in different departments 
is given here : mention is made of the chief special fields 
in which the library is strong as a result of notable 
gifts or collections received. 

The collection relating to American history, biography, 
genealogy, and geography numbers about 28,000 volumes, 
of which nearly 18,000 relate to the United States. The 
basis of the collection was the libraries formed by Pro- 
fessor Ebeling and David B. Warden, the former the gift 
of Colonel Israel Thorndike, of Boston, in 1818, and the 



126 



latter presented by Samuel Atkins Eliot, of the Class of 
1817, in 1823. (Nar. and Crit. Hist. America, vol. i. 
p. iii.) Both collections are rich in early publications, 
and, although no attempt is made to buy such of the 
very rare and costly books as are lacking, pains are taken 
constantly to strengthen the library in this department. 

The collection of books and tracts illustrating the rise 
and growth of American slavery numbers 990 volumes, 
as bound, much the larger part being volumes made up 
of many pamphlets bound together. The collection is 
largely the result of the assiduity of the late Charles 
Sumner, of the Class of 1830, and of Thomas Wentworth 
Higginson, of the Class of 1841. 

In 1894 the private library of Francis Parkman, of 
the Class of 1844, was received by bequest; this includes 
about 2500 volumes, 2000 pamphlets, and 100 maps. 
That portion of them which relates to Mr. Parkman' s 
special studies — early American explorations, Colonial 
history, American Indians, and Canadian history — num- 
bering 1564 volumes, has been kept together as a memorial 
collection. 

The collection of United States Congressional docu- 
ments numbers 3462 volumes. Many of the earlier and 
rarer volumes were received with the Ebeling library. 

The family of the poet Longfellow, Smith Professor 
of the French and Spanish Languages and Literatures 
and Professor of Belles Lettres, 1836-54, have given 
to the library from time to time volumes of American 
poetry, most of them presentation copies, amounting 
altogether to nearly 700 volumes. 

The collection of books by and relating to Dante con- 
tains over 2000 volumes. In 1884 Professor Charles 



127 



Eliot Norton, of the Class of 1846, gave to the College 
Library the larger part of his valuable collection on Dante, 
and in 1896 the collection of Dante literature (175 vol- 
umes) of George Ticknor, Smith Professor, 1817-35, was 
given to the library by his heirs. The Dante Society for 
many years has made an annual appropriation for the 
purchase of books in this department, and the library is 
under constant obligation to foreign writers, especially 
Italians, who have presented many of their works. 
No. 34 of the Bibliographical Contributions is a catalogue- 
of the collection as it was in 1890. 

A collection of books by and upon Milton, numbering; 
323 volumes, is largely made up of one formed by George 
Ticknor. 

The library received under the will of Thomas Carlyle 
his collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the 
Great, numbering 422 volumes ; these are enumerated in 
No. 26 of the Bibliographical Contributions. 

The collection of folk lore and mediaeval romances, 
numbering about 7300 volumes, is supposed to be the 
largest in existence. Professor Francis James Child, of 
the Class of 1846, who is chiefly responsible for its collec- 
tion, based upon the material here brought together his 
English and Scottish Popular Ballads. This collection 
includes a large number of Chap-books, also manuscript 
copies of all the important collections of popular ballads 
in the British Museum that have not been printed, and a 
copy of the large unpublished collection of French popular 
ballads (with music) which was made by a commission 
appointed by Napoleon III. 

The Slavic collection, which has been increased through 
the generosity of Archibald Carey Coolidge, of the Class 



128 



of 1887, who has given over 2000 volumes, now com- 
prises 3500 volumes relating to the history and literature 
of the Slavic nations. With the above is included a 
notable collection on Nihilism (45 volumes and 116 pam- 
phlets) given by Ivan Panin. 

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes about 
450 printed texts, about 500 manuscripts, the gift of 
Fitzedward Hall, of the Class of 1846, and about 500 
other manuscripts purchased for the library in India by 
Professor Lanman. Many of the printed books were 
given by Henry Ware Wales, of the Class of 1838 ; and 
to increase the collection, his brother Mr. George Wash- 
ington Wales, gave for many years $200 a year. 

The collection of music, including both printed books 
relating to music and musical scores, numbers about 4400 
volumes. 

The library is well supplied, particularly with the older 
books, in all departments of theology and Biblical criti- 
cism. Ezra Abbott, Bussey Professor of New Testament 
Criticism and Interpretation, 1872-84, bequeathed his 
library to the Divinity School. The collection of printed 
sermons probably numbers about 10,000. 

In 1888 John Harvey Treat, of the Class of 1862, 
presented his collection of works on ritualism and doctri- 
nal theology, numbering 587 titles. It is catalogued in 
Bibliographical Contribution, No. 36. 

Jared Sparks, of the Class of 1815, President of the 
University from 1849 till 1853, left his collection of 
manuscripts — mostly copies, but including some ori- 
ginals, such as the papers of Governor Bernard — to the 
library, and his family has since placed in the library 
his private manuscripts, correspondence, diaries, etc. 



129 



A calendar of the historical manuscripts and of other 
minor collections of papers relating to American his- 
tory constitutes No. 22 of the Bibliographical Contri- 
butions. The most considerable collection of original 
manuscripts in this field possessed by the library is the 
papers of Arthur Lee, which were left to the library in 
1827. Two other parts of the same collection were 
given at the same time to the American Philosophical 
Society in Philadelphia and to the Library of the Univer- 
sity of Virginia. A calendar of the portion in Harvard 
College Library is given in No. 8 of the Bibliographical 
Contributions. 

No. 6 of the Bibliographical Contributions (1879) 
shows part of the books and autographs bequeathed to 
the library by Charles Sumner. The collection is a 
general one, but embraces many books of curious and 
bibliographical interest, and interesting autographs. 
Sumner's correspondence, mounted in 171 volumes, has 
also come to the library since the death of Mr. Edward 
L. Pierce, his biographer. 

In 1892 Mr. John Bartlett, of Cambridge, gave to the 
library his collection of books on angling, fishes, and 
fish culture, numbering 1014 volumes and 269 pamphlets. 
It is catalogued in No. 51 of the Bibliographical Contri- 
butions. Mr. Bartlett has also given his collection of 
Proverbs and Emblems, comprising about 250 volumes. 

The library has some works in American aboriginal 
linguistics. Chief among them is the Abenaki Dictionary 
of Sebastian Rasle, which was printed under the editing 
of John Pickering, in 1833, by the American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences (see Bibliographical Contributions, 
No. 22, p. 86). 



130 



The linguistic contributions to the study of the Dela- 
ware and other aboriginal languages of the Indians living 
in the present Middle States, by David Zeisberger, a 
Moravian missionary, were given to the library in 1845 
(see Bibliographical Contributions, No. 22, pp. 86-88, 
and the enumeration in J. C. Pilling' s Algonquian Lan- 
guages, Washington, 1892). 

The collection of loose maps, numbering about 17,500 
sheets, is the largest in the country; the basis of the 
collection is that formed by the late Professor Ebeling 
of Germany, which came to the library with his collec- 
tion of Americana in 1818. It has been added to from 
time to time, particularly so as to complete the carto- 
graphical publications of the United States government 
and the topographical surveys of the principal European 
countries. The collection of bound maps and atlases 
numbers about 800 volumes. It includes facsimile collec- 
tions, and the printed editions of the early geographers. 
Printed books which are useful in facilitating the use of 
the collection are provided, and there is a manuscript 
subject catalogue of the maps. 

THE DIVINITY SCHOOL. 

That a leading purpose of the founders of Harvard Col- 
lege was to provide for the churches a learned ministry 
may be seen from the inscription carved upon a tablet at 
the entrance to the College Yard. 

Instruction in theology has been given at Harvard 
College from the time of its foundation. The first pro- 
fessorship instituted in the University was the Hollis 
Professorship of Divinity, established in 1721. The 



131 



differentiation of the Divinity School from the College 
was very gradual. Its Faculty was formally organized 
in 1819. A separate list of its students — previously 
included under the head of Resident Graduates — first 
appears in the Catalogue for 1819-20. The organiza- 
tion of the three oldest professional departments of 
the University, under the titles Theological School, 
Medical School, and Law School, is first indicated in 
the Catalogue for 1827-28. 

The constitution of the Divinity School prescribes that 
" every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial, 
and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth, and that 
no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of 
Christians shall be required either of the instructors or 
students." 

The administration of the School is now carefully con- 
formed to this principle. Various denominations are repre- 
sented in its Faculty and among its students. The aim of 
its management is to maintain a school in which all mat- 
ters connected with theology shall be studied in a spirit 
as free as that in which philosophy, history, and classical 
literature are studied in colleges. At the same time, 
special attention is given to preparation for the practical 
work of the ministry. 

The Library Building of the Divinity School 

was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $40,000. It 
contains the library ; a reading room ; a faculty room, 
which serves as the office of the Dean of the School ; a 
room used for the general purposes of the students ; and 
three lecture rooms. 




DIVINITY LIBKARY 




DIVINITY HALL. 



133 



Divinity Hall, erected under the auspices of the 
Society for Promoting Theological Education in Harvard 
University, which secured contributions amounting to 
about $20,000, was completed in 1826. It contains 37 
rooms, a reading room, and a chapel. The library 
formerly housed there has been removed to the new 
Divinity Library. 

THE LAW SCHOOL. 

Austin Hall. — Dane Hall, in the southwest corner 
of the College Yard, erected in 1832 and enlarged in 1845, 
was occupied by the Law School until 1883, when Austin 
Hall, in Holmes Place, the present home of the School, 
was finished. For this building the University is indebted 
to the liberality of Edward Austin, and the architectural 
skill of Henry Hobson Richardson. 

On the first floor are three lecture rooms, a reading 
room, and three professors' rooms. The mezzanine story 
contains three more professors' rooms. On the second 
floor are the administrative offices, the library stack with 
a capacity of 65,000 volumes, and the large reading 
hall or workshop of the students. The library coutains 
44,000 volumes. 

The Law School possesses a unique collection of por- 
traits of eminent judges and lawyers. English Chancery 
judges are to be seen in the north lecture room, and Eng- 
lish Common Law judges in the west lecture room. The 
portraits of American lawyers ami judges are in the 
reading hall and in the east lecture room. 



135 



THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

The Medical School Building is situated at the corner 
of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston. It is a fire- 
proof structure of brick and terra cotta, built in 1883 
by the generous subscriptions of ' ' friends of medical 
education." 

The building is four stories high, with two half stories 
between the second and third, and the third and fourth 
floors. The entrance, from Boylston Street, is to a large, 
central hall, lighted from the roof. From this hall rises an 
iron stairway to the galleries leading to the lecture rooms 
and the laboratories. On the right of the entrance are the 
faculty room and the office of the Dean and the Secre- 
tary : on the left are the rooms of the Janitor. In the 
rear of the faculty room, extending along the Exeter 
Street side of the building, are the laboratories for bacteri- 
ology, for materia medica, pharmacology, and experi- 
mental therapeutics, and also for hygiene. In a large 
hall on the left, and also in the rear of the entrance hall 
are arranged lockers for the students' use ; and there is 
also on this floor a room for a branch of the Harvard 
Cooperative Society. A smaller iron stairway and the 
elevator shaft are placed in a fire-proof structure behind 
the central hall and the galleries. 

The second story is devoted to the Departments of 
Physiology and Chemistry. On the right is the main 
chemical laboratory and the private work rooms of the 
Professors of Chemistry and their assistants. . On the 
left are the physiological laboratory and the large lecture 
room used by the two departments : this room is arranged 



136 



as an amphitheatre, and has a seating capacity of 200. 
In the mezzanine story above the second floor are the 
private laboratories of the Professor of Physiology, faci- 
lities for special research, and smaller laboratories for 
clinical microscopy and hematology. 

The Warren Anatomical Museum is placed in a room 
occupying two thirds of the front of the third story. It 
contains about 10,000 specimens, fully illustrating nor- 
mal and pathological anatomy and materia medica. 
Numerous dissections, corrosive preparations, frozen sec- 
tions, and large models of the bones, made under Pro- 
fessor D wight's direction, are found in the normal division. 
In addition, Professor Dwight has prepared a collection of 
bones, illustrating the variation in individuals. Diseased 
bones and organs which show changes in shape, size, or 
structure are preserved in alcohol or dried ; those in which 
the color is of especial importance are prepared by the new 
method of Kaiserling. During the year 1897-98 more 
than 200 were put up in this way, and in 1898 the color 
of these had still kept well. There are also many 
skulls of different races, and rare and unique specimens. 
Among the latter is the celebrated " crow-bar skull." 
This came from a man who, while tamping a blast, 
received the accidental discharge of an iron, which passed 
completely through his head, destroying a portion of the 
left frontal lobe of the brain. He recovered, and lived 
for 13 years with no impairment of his faculties. The 
room is open during the day to students and visitors, and 
every facility is offered to the visitor for the study of the 
specimens both in and out of the cases. 

The Exeter Street side of the third story is occupied 
by two large lecture rooms ; on the opposite side is the 



138 



amphitheatre used for the lectures in anatomy and sur- 
gery. Beneath the rising tiers of seats are the private 
rooms of the Professor of Surgery and the Assistant 
Professor of Anatomy ; in the rear of this floor are the 
rooms of the Demonstrator of Anatomy and his assist- 
ants. 

The mezzanine story above the third floor contains only 
the private room of the Professor of Anatomy ; the re- 
maining space is devoted to the large lecture rooms of 
the third story. 

The front of the fourth story is devoted to the Depart- 
ment of Histology and Embiyology ; the remaining room 
is used by the Professors of Anatomy and of Clinical 
Surgery. The dissecting room occupies the Exeter Street 
side ; it is lighted from the roof as well as through the 
side walls. There are accomodations for 18 tables. In 
the rear of the dissecting room is a small amphitheatre for 
lectures, and the macerating room and the other work- 
rooms of the Department of Anatomy. The large ana- 
tomical amphitheatre rises through this story to the roof 
of the building. The basement contains, in addition to 
the heating and ventilating plant, ample provisions for 
cold storage. 

The building as originally planned proved to be inade- 
quate for the increasing needs of the School, and in 1890, 
the generosity of Henry Francis Sears, an alumnus of the 
College and the School, enabled the President and Fellows 
to build an addition to the main building, providing for 
the especial needs of the Department of Pathology. The 
basement is fitted up for the care of animals and for the 
storage of material. The first story is assigned to the 
Professor of Bacteriology, and is used chiefly for gradu- 



139 



ate and special instruction. The second and third stories 
are devoted to pathology and pathological history. 

THE DENTAL SCHOOL. 

The Harvard Dental School was instituted by vote of 
the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 17, 
1867. In 1865 Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep had, in his 
annual address before the Massachusetts Dental Society, 
of which he was then President, suggested the need of a 
Dental School in connection with Harvard University ; 
and thus the movement which resulted in the establishment 
of the School took its beginning. The first session of 
the School opened on the first Wednesday in November, 
1867, and continued until the following March. The first 
examination of candidates for the degree of the School 
was held March 6, 1869. 

The School building, formerly used by the Medical 
School, is situated on North Grove Street, Boston. The 
building is three stories in height. The first floor contains 
the chemical laboratory, provided with 140 desks, the 
Janitor's rooms, and the store room. The second floor 
is used for the mechanical laboratory, the waiting room, 
the anaesthesia and the surgical rooms, lecture rooms, and 
the office. The large lecture room has a seating capacity 
of 300. On the third floor are two operating infirmaries, 
B and C, an office, and a surgical room. Each of the 
infirmaries has 27 operating chairs; the surgical room 
is provided with a surgical chair, cases, and instruments. 
The fourth floor contains a surgical clinic room. 

The museum of the School is situated on the third floor 
and contains, in properly arranged cabinets, specimens 



140 



of comparative anatomy, materia meclica, mechanical 
pieces, dental and surgical instruments, pathology, 
orthodontia carving, etc. Included in the specimens 
of comparative anatomy are 24 Hawaiian skulls, more 
than 1500 years old, found in the caves of the Hawaiian 
Islands, which show many of the modern diseases known 
to dentistry. The total number of specimens in the 
museum is more than 3000. The library, which is in 
process of formation, contains some 130 bound volumes, 
together with many pamphlets. 

THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 

The School of Veterinary Medicine was opened in the 
year 1882-83. It is situated at and near the corner of 
Village and Lucas Streets, Boston, and occupies for pur- 
poses of instruction and for hospital purposes two brick 
buildings. In a third building a Free Clinic is maintained 
in connection with the School. 

The objects of the Corporation and the Overseers in 
organizing this School were to provide a thorough training 
for veterinary practitioners, and to lay the foundations of 
an advanced school of comparative medicine. From the 
beginning the School has been fostered and aided by the 
Faculty of Medicine. 

The Lucas Street Building contains a dissecting- 
room, extending upward through two complete stories of 
the building in order to secure good ventilation and 
shadowless light ; a lecture room ; a reading room, open 
to members of the various classes ; a museum ; bed 
rooms for house-surgeons ; etc. 



141 



The Village Street Hospital was established in 
1883, a year after the foundation of the School, for the 
treatment and observation of sick animals ; its wards 
and cases are used by students precisely as hospitals for 
man are used by students in medicine. It contains an 
operating room and wards. Separate wards are provided 
for dogs. 

A Forge has been established, to which students have 
access at all times, and in which it is possible for them 
to obtain instruction in horse-shoeing, if they so desire, 
although a practical training in this is not considered a 
necessary part of the education of a veterinary physician. 
The theory of shoeing is, however, thoroughly taught. 

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. 

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture, known as 
the Bussey Institution, was established in execution of 
trusts, created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, bearing 
date of July 30, 1835. The School, which is situated at 
the outer edge of Jamaica Plain, close to the Forest Hills 
stations of the Electric Raihvay and the New York, New 
Haven, and Hartford Railroad, was opened in 1871-72. 

The large stone building of the Institution contains 
lecture rooms, recitation rooms, and laboratories for 
instruction in agriculture and horticulture, and in natural 
history and chemistry, as applied to those arts. It con- 
tains, also, a library of some 3700 volumes relating chiefly 
to agriculture and horticulture. The greenhouses afford 
opportunity for teaching the manual operations of horti- 
culture and for supplying plants and flowers for use in 
teaching the botanical classes in this and other depart- 




THE BUSSEY INSTITUUION. SCHOOL BUILDING. 




THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM. MUSEUM. 



143 



merits of the University. The nurseries and park-like 
plantations of the Arnold Arboretum are adjacent to the 
buildings of the School and serve to supplement its 
teachings. 

Connected with the School is a farm, on which forage 
is grown and animals are kept. 

The students of this School include persons intending- 
to become farmers, gardeners, foresters, florists, land- 
scape gardeners, managers or stewards of large estates or 
of parks, towns, highways or public institutions, overseers 
of farms, and owners of rural property. 

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM. 

The Arnold Arboretum, a living museum of trees and 
shrubs, is managed by a director who is also Professor of 
Arboriculture. It occupies 220 acres of land in Jamaica 
Plain, near the Forest Hills station of the New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, with two entrances 
from the Parkway of Boston, which forms its eastern 
' boundary, and others from Centre Street, Walter Street, 
and South Street, Jamaica Plain. It was established in 
1872 by an arrangement between the President and Fel- 
lows and the trustees under the will of James Arnold, 
of New Bedford, the President and Fellows furnish- 
ing about 120 acres of land which formed part of the 
so-called Bussey Farm bequeathed to them by the late 
Benjamin Bussey, and Mr. Arnold's trustees an endow- 
ment of $100,000, which has since been increased by 
accumulated income and other gifts to $170,000. By 
another arrangement, made subsequently with the City of 
Boston, the Arboretum is open to the public every day in 



144 



the year from sunrise to sunset, and the city, through its 
Park Commissioners, has built roads and walks in the 
Arboretum and supplies the police force necessary for its 
protection. Additional land was also acquired by the 
city and added to the Arboretum, which in 1894 was 
further enlarged by the President and Fellows with 75 
acres of ground belonging to the Bussey Farm. 

The Arboretum is now traversed by between three and 
four miles of park roads, along which all the trees hardy 
in the climate of eastern Massachusetts are arranged in 
great open groups of genera, American species being 
followed first by European and then by Asiatic species. 
These tree groups are bordered by shrubs, as far as pos- 
sible of the same related genera, and in a special collec- 
tion, occupying several acres near the entrace from the 
Forest Hills station, all the shrubs hardy in this climate 
are arranged in parallel beds, according to their botanical 
relationships. The Arboretum also contains large areas 
of woodland, — in the management of which the object 
sought is the production of the greatest natural beauty, — 
and many fine native trees. From its two high hills 
views of the distant country and of the City of Boston 
and its harbor can be obtained. 

The Arboretum is equipped with a herbarium of ligneous 
plants preserved in a fireproof building ; this contains 
very full sets of specimens of all North American trees 
and is rich in the t3'pes of the woody vegetation of the 
whole northern hemisphere ; the dendrological library of 
nearly 7000 volumes and several thousand pamphlets is 
believed to be unrivalled in its completeness. Special 
students in dendrology are received at the Arboretum, 
and every spring and autumn popular lectures are given, 



145 



largely to teachers ; but it is principally managed as a 
station for scientific research into the character, the dis- 
tribution, and the uses of hardy trees and shrubs, and of 
the best methods for their cultivation. 

PLAYGROUNDS AND BUILDINGS FOR 
ATHLETICS. 

The Soldiers' Field, containing 20 acres, situated 
in Allston, a part of Boston, just beyond the Charles 
River, was given to the College in 1890 by Henry Lee 
Higginson, of the Class of 1855. It is the chief play 
ground of the students. 

A shaft near the entrance to the field bears this inscrip- 
tion : — 

TO THE 

HAPPY MEMORY OF 

JAMES SAVAGE 

CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL 

EDWARD BARRY DALTON 

STEPHEN GEORGE PERKINS 

JAMES JACKSON LOWELL 

ROBERT GOL'LD SHAW 

FRIENDS COMRADES KINSMEN 

WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY 

THIS FIELD IS DEDICATED BY 

HENRY LEE HIGGINSON 

though love repine and reason chafe 
there came a voice without reply 
'tis man's perdition to be safe 
when for the truth he ought to die 



146 



Other play grounds are Holmes Field, adjacent to the 
Gymnasium and the Carey Building, and Jarvis Field, 
a few hundred feet from Holmes Field. Holmes Field 
has an unencumbered area of about five acres ; Jarvis, 
of about four acres. The latter is used exclusively for 
tennis. 

The Weld Boat House, the gift of George Walker 
Weld, of the Class of 1860, was built and equipped with 
boats in 1889-90. It is intended especially for the use 
of students not rowing on the 'Varsity Crew or the Class 
Crews, and contains about 324 lockers, besides shower- 
baths, etc. 

The University Boat House, a short distance 
down-stream from the Weld Boat House, is for the use 
of the 'Varsity Crew and the Class Crews. 

The Locker Building, on the Soldiers' Field, was 
erected by subscriptions from alumni in 1893-94. It 
contains shower-baths, and. 1500 lockers. 



INDEX. 

PAGE 

Appleton Chapel 22, 49 

Arboretum, Arnold 143 

Arc Lamp Room 76 

Architectural Building 80 

Astronomical Observatory 115 

Austin Hall (The Law School) 133 

Boat House, University 146 

Boat House, Weld 146 

Botanic Garden Ill 

Botany, Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanerogamic, and 

Economic , 105 

Botany, Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology 114 

Boylston Hall (The Chemical Laboratory) 22, 44 

Bussey Institution (Agriculture) 10, 141 

Carey Building 82 

Catalogue and descriptive pamphlets 11 

Chemical Laboratory (Boylston Hall) .......... 44 

"College Hall," first 14 

College House 38 

Conant Hall 87 

Dane Hall 17, 21, 38 

Dental School 9, 139 

Divinity Hall 133 

Divinity Library Building 131 

Dynamo Laboratory (Scientific School) 74 

Electrical Engineering Laboratory 74 

Engineering Laboratory 78 

Fine Arts Drawing Boom 49 

Fogg Art Museum, The William Hayes 22, 52 

Geography, Laboratories of 102 

Geology, Laboratories of 99 

Glass Elowers 106 



148 



Gore Hall (The College Library) 21, 119 

Gray Collection of Engravings 55 

Gray Herbarium 113 

Grays Hall 14, 22, 36 

Gymnasium, The Hemenway 86 

Harvard Hall 15, 18, 28, 122 

Harvard, Statue of John 73 

Hastings Hall, Walter 82 

History, Foundation and Development of Harvard University 3-11 

History, The College Yard 12-23 

Holden Chapel 17, 32 

Hollis Hall 18, 31 

Holworthy Hall 20, 34 

Holyoke House 38 

Hydraulic Plant 79 

Hygiene, Laboratory of (Scientific School) 76 

Instrument Rooms, Scientific School 74, 75 

Jefferson Physical Laboratory 83 

Johnston Gate, The 25 

Law School (Austin Hall) 7, 133 

Lawrence Scientific School Building 73 

Library 119 

Library, Bussey Institution (Agriculture) 141 

Library, Child Memorial (English) 47 

Library, Classics 30 

Library, Dental School 140 

Library, Divinity School 131 

Library, Engineering 74 

Library, French 49 

Library, Germanic Languages and Literatures 47 

Library, Gray Herbarium (Botany) 114 

Library, History and Government 31 

Library, Indo-Iranian Languages 48 

Library, Law School 133 

Library, Music 40 

Library, Political Economy 31 

Library, Romance Philology 47 

Library, Semitic Languages and Literatures 48 

Library, University Museum 90 



149 



Locker Building 146 

Massachusetts Hall 16, 28 

Materials, Laboratory for testing 79 

Matthews Hall 21,23,38 

Medical School 8, 135 

Memorial Hall 23, 56 

Meyer Gate, The 26 

Mineralogy and Petrography, Laboratories of 100 

Museum, Botanical 90 

Museum, Comparative Zoology 90 

Museum, Mineralogical 90 

Museum, Peabody, of American Archaeology and Ethnology 90, 107 

Museum, Semitic 90, 109 

Museum, University . 87 

Museum, University. Diagrams of Floors showing Collections, 

Laboratories, etc 93-98 

Museum, Warren Anatomical 136 

Natural History Laboratories 90 

Observatory, Astronomical 115 

Palaeontology, Laboratory of 102 

Perkins Hall 87 

Phillips Brooks House 22, 32 

Photometer Room 76 

Physical Laboratory, The Jefferson 83 

Psychological Laboratory 40 

Rogers Building 78 

Randall Collection of Engravings 55 

Sanders Theatre 56, 65 

Sever Hall 22, 47 

Soldiers' Field 145 

Steam Engineering Plant 79 

Storage Battery Room ' 76 

Stoughton Hall 15,19,32 

Thayer Hall 23, 36 

University Hall 20, 26 

Veterinary School 9, 140 

Wadsworth House 17, 44 

Weld Hall 23,36 

Zoology, Laboratories of 103 



